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Chap 09
Chap 09
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 9.2
The OR gate
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 9.3
The NOT gate (or inverter)
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 9.4
A logic buffer gate
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 9.5
The NAND gate
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 9.6
The NOR gate
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 9.7
The Exclusive OR gate
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 9.8
The Exclusive NOR gate
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 9.9
Boolean Algebra 9.4
Boolean Constants
– these are ‘0’ (false) and ‘1’ (true)
Boolean Variables
– variables that can only take the vales ‘0’ or ‘1’
Boolean Functions
– each of the logic functions (such as AND, OR and
NOT) are represented by symbols as described above
Boolean Theorems
– a set of identities and laws – see text for details
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 9.10
Boolean identities
AND Function OR Function NOT function
00=0 0+0=0 0 1
01=0 0+1=1 1 0
10=0 1+0=1 AA
11=1 1+1=1
A0=0 A+0=A
0A=0 0+A=A
A1=A A+1=1
1A=A 1+A=1
AA=A A+A=A
A A 0 A A 1
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 9.11
Boolean laws
Commutative law Absorption law
AB BA A AB A
AB B A A( A B ) A
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 9.12
Combinational Logic 9.5
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 9.14
Implementing a function from a Boolean expression
Example – see Example 9.2 in the course text
Implement the function Y AB CD
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 9.15
Generating a Boolean expression from a logic
diagram
Example – see Example 9.3 in the course text
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 9.16
Example (continued)
– work progressively from the inputs to the output adding
logic expressions to the output of each gate in turn
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 9.17
Implementing a logic function from a description
Example – see Example 9.4 in the course text
The operation of the Exclusive OR gate can be stated as:
“The output should be true if either of its inputs are true,
but not if both inputs are true.”
This can be rephrased as:
“The output is true if A OR B is true,
AND if A AND B are NOT true.”
We can write this in Boolean notation as
X ( A B) ( AB)
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 9.18
Example (continued)
The logic function
X ( A B) ( AB)
can then be implemented as before
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 9.19
Implementing a logic function from a truth table
Example – see Example 9.6 in the course text
Implement the function of the following truth table
A B C X – first write down a Boolean
0 0 0 0
expression for the output
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
– then implement as before
0 1 1 0 – in this case
1 0 0 0
X A BC ABC A BC
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 9.20
Example (continued)
The logic function X A BC A BC AB C
can then be implemented as before
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 9.21
In some cases it is possible to simplify logic
expressions using the rules of Boolean algebra
Example – see Example 9.7 in the course text
X ABC A BC AC A C can be simplified to X BC A
hence the following circuits are equivalent
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 9.22
Number Systems and Binary Arithmetic 9.6
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 9.23
Number conversion
– conversion to decimal
add up decimal equivalent of individual digits
Example – see Example 9.8 in the course text
Convert 110102 to decimal
110102 = (1 24) + (1 23) + (0 22) + (1 21) + (0 20)
= 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 0
= 2610
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 9.24
Number conversion
– conversion from decimal
repeatedly divide by the base and remember the remainder
Example – see Example 9.9 in the course text
Convert 2610 to binary
Number Remainder
Starting point 26
2 13 0
2 6 1
2 3 0
2 1 1
2 0 1
read number from this end
=11010
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 9.25
Binary arithmetic
– much simpler than decimal arithmetic
– can be performed by simple circuits, e.g. half adder
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 9.26
More complex circuits can add digital words
Similar circuits can be
constructed to perform
subtraction – see text
More complex arithmetic
(such as multiplication and
division) can be done by
dedicated hardware but is
more often performed using a
microcomputer or complex
logic device
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 9.27
Numeric and Alphabetic Codes 9.7
Decimal Binary
Binary code
0 0
– by far the most common 1 1
2 10
way of representing
3 11
numeric information 4 100
5 101
– has advantages of 6 110
simplicity and efficiency of 7 111
8 1000
storage 9 1001
10 1010
11 1011
12 1100
etc. etc.
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 9.28
Numeric and Alphabetic Codes 9.7
Decimal Binary
Binary-coded decimal code
0 0
– formed by converting each 1 1
digit of a decimal number 2 10
3 11
individually into binary 4 100
5 101
– requires more digits than
6 110
conventional binary 7 111
8 1000
– has advantage of very easy 9 1001
conversion to/from decimal 10 10000
11 10001
– used where input and output 12 10010
are in decimal form etc. etc.
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 9.29
Numeric and Alphabetic Codes 9.7
ASCII code
– American Standard Code for Information Interchange
– an alphanumeric code
– each character represented by a 7-bit code
gives 128 possible characters
codes defined for upper and lower-case alphabetic characters,
digits 0 – 9, punctuation marks and various non-printing
control characters (such as carriage-return and backspace)
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 9.30
Numeric and Alphabetic Codes 9.7
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 9.31
Key Points