DNA Structure and Function

Starr/Taggart’s
Biology:
The Unity and Diversity of Life, 9e

Chapter 13
 Key Concepts:
• DNA contains the information of heritable
traits in all cells
• Each DNA strand consists of two strands of
nucleotides twisted together
• Hereditary information is encoded in the
sequence of nucleotides
• Nitrogen bases have specific pairing
arrangements
• DNA is replicated before a cell divides
 Discovery of DNA Function
• Fred Griffith - Discovered hereditary
transformation
 Discovery of DNA Function
• Griffith’s experiments
• Transfer of hereditary material from dead S
cells to living R cells (transformation)
 DNA Structure

• Nucleotides • Pairing
• Deoxyribose Arrangement
• Phosphate Group – A-T
• Nitrogen base – C–G
– Adenine A
– Guanine G Amount of A=T and
– Thymine T C=G

– Cytosine C
Rosalind Franklin

Fig. 13.8, p. 220

James Watson and Francis Crick

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 X Y
Fig. 13.1, p. 214
 Structure of DNA
• DNA consists of two strands of
nucleotides held together at bases by
hydrogen bonds
– A=T and C=G
• The two strands twist into a double
helix.
• The two strands run in opposite
directions (anti-parallel)
– Each strand runs in a 5’ to 3’ direction
2-nanometer diameter, overall
distance between each pair
of bases = 0.34 nanometer

each full twist of the

DNA double helix =
3.4 nanometers

Fig. 13.7, p. 219

Unlocking the Secret to Heredity
• The structure of DNA allows for one strand
to act as a template for the other strand
– If you have one strand you automatically
know the sequence of base pairs for the other
strand.
• ACGCGCT
• TGCGCGA
 Semi-conservative Replication
• DNA Replication is semi-conservative

• There are 3 enzymes that are used for

replicating a new strand of DNA
– Helicase
– DNA polymerase
– Ligase
Click to view
animation.

animation
 DNA Replication and Repair

• Enzyme regulated
– Hydrogen bonds
break
– Attachment of
nucleotides to new
strands
– DNA polymerases
DNA ligases
– New strand is half
old, half new
 Detailed Look at Replication

• Nucleotides can only be added in the 5’

to 3’ direction
• Leading Strand assembly is continuous
• Lagging strand discontinuous
 Creating Clones
• Dolly the sheep was first mammal to be
cloned from a differentiated cell
– Nucleus from sheep udder cell was
transferred into enucleated unfertilized
egg
– Egg grew into sheep by mitotic divisions
• Mice and cows have now also been
cloned from adult cells
 In Conclusion
• Hereditary information is located in DNA
• DNA consists of nucleotides
• DNA molecule consists of two nucleotide
strands twisted into a double helix
• The bases of DNA strands pair in a constant
fashion
• DNA of one species has specific nucleotide
sequences