Mathematician

in the 15th
century
Paul of Middelburg

✣ Paul of Middelburg
✣ (1446 – 13 December 1534)
was a Flemish scientist and
bishop of Fossombrone.

2
 Contributions of Paul:

✣ Calendar reform or calendrical reform

✣ He also exchanged letters with Copernicus.

3
John Vitéz de Zredna

✣ (Hungarian: zrednai Vitéz

János; Croatian: Ivan Vitez od
Sredne; 1408 – 8 August
1472) was a Hungarian and
Croat humanist, diplomat,
Latinist, mathematician,
astrologist and astronomer.

4
 Contributions of JOHN:

✣Founded the observatory in Esztergom.

✣He is sometimes referred to as the Father of

Hungarian Humanism.

5
Jan Šindel
✣ (1370s – between 1455 and
1457), also known as Jan
Ondřejův (Latin: Iohannes
Andreae dictus Schindel or
Joannes de Praga), was a Czech
medieval scientist and Catholic
priest. He was a professor at
Charles University in Prague and
became the rector of the
university in 1410. He lectured on
mathematics and astronomy and
was also a personal astrologer
and physician of kings
Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia and
his brother Holy Roman Emperor
6
Sigismund.
 Contributions of Jan:

✣ Šindel's astronomical tables and maps were

allegedly still used by Tycho Brahe.
✣ Mikuláš of Kadaň constructed the Prague Orloj clock
in 1410.
✣ In 1982, an asteroid (3847 Šindel) was named after
him.

7
al-Qalqashandī

✣ (1355 or 1356 – 1418),

was a medieval Egyptian
encyclopedist, polymath
and mathematician. A
native of the Nile Delta, he
became a Scribe of the
Scroll (Katib al-Darj), or
clerk of the Mamluk
chancery in Cairo, Egypt.

8
 Contributions of al-
Qalqashandī :
✣ Ṣubḥ al-Aʿshá.

⨳ Ṣubḥ al-Aʿshá fī Ṣināʿat al-Inshāʾ ('The Dawn of the Blind' or

'Daybreak for the Night-Blind regarding the Composition of
Chancery Documents'); a fourteen-volume encyclopedia
completed in 1412, is an administrative manual on
geography, political history, natural history, zoology,
mineralogy, cosmography, and time measurement. It has
been called as "one of the final expressions of the genre of
Arabic administrative literature".

⨳ The Ṣubḥ al-aʿshā was the first published discussion of the

substitution and transposition of ciphers, and the first
description of a polyalphabetic cipher, in which each plaintext
letter is assigned more than one substitution.
9
Albert Brudzewski

✣ also Albert Blar (of

Brudzewo), Albert of
Brudzewo or Wojciech
Brudzewski (in Latin, Albertus
de Brudzewo; c.1445–c.1497)
was a Polish astronomer,
mathematician, philosopher
and diplomat.

10
 Contributions of Albert :

✣ Georg von Peuerbach's Theory of the Planets and

Regiomontanus' Astronomical Tables

✣ He was the first to state that the Moon moves in an ellipse

and always shows its same side to the Earth.

11
John Cantius

✣ (Latin: Joannis Cantii, Polish: Jan z

Kęt or Jan Kanty; 23 June 1390 –
24 December 1473) was a Polish
priest, scholastic philosopher,
physicist and theologian.

✣ Contribution:

⨳ Theory of Impetus by Jean

Buridan.

12
Georg von Peuerbach

✣ (also Purbach, Peurbach,

Purbachius; born May 30,
1423 – April 8, 1461) was an
Austrian astronomer,
mathematician and
instrument maker, best known
for his streamlined
presentation of Ptolemaic
astronomy in the Theoricae
Novae Planetarum.

13
 Contributions of Peuerbach :

✣ Theoricae Novae Planetarum

✣ The Tabulae Eclipsium

✣ He computed sine tables based on techniques developed

by Arabian mathematicians.

14
Jehan Adam

✣ Jehan Adam was a French

15th century
mathematician. He was
secretary to Nicholle
Tilhart, who was notary,
secretary and auditor of
accounts to King Louis XI
of France.

15
 Contributions of Adam :

✣ He published a manuscript in 1475 containing the

first use of the terms by million and trimillion, which
gave rise to the modern terms billion and trillion.

16
 Mīrzā Muhammad
Tāraghay bin Shāhrukh

✣ (Chagatay: ‫بــــ شـاہ رـخ‬

‫ میرزـا محمد طـارق ن‬,
Persian: ‫بــــ شـاہ رـخ‬ ‫) میرزـا محمد راـ‬,
‫تــــغای ن‬
better known as Ulugh Beg. He
was a Timurid sultan, as well
as an astronomer and
mathematician.

17
 Contributions of Shāhrukh :

✣ Trigonometry and Spherical Geometry

✣ The crater, Ulugh Beigh, on the Moon, was named after him
by the German astronomer Johann Heinrich von Mädler on
his 1830 map of the Moon.

18
 Moses Botarel Farissol

✣ Moses Botarel Farissol was a Jewish

astronomer and mathematician of the
second half of the 15th century.

19
 Contributions of Farissol :

✣ He wrote a work on the calendar entitled Meleket

ha-Ḳebi'ah, and compiled, under the title Nofet
Ẓufim, calendric tables. Both these works, in
manuscript, are preserved in the royal library at
Munich.
✣ Meleket ha-Mispar divided into three parts:
⨳ (1) a theory of numbers, dealing with the first
four rules and the extraction of square roots; (2)
proportion (3) elementary geometry.

20
Ala al-Dīn Ali ibn
Muhammed

✣ was born in 1403 in the city of

Samarkand, in present-day
Uzbekistan. He is known as Ali
Qushji (Ottoman Turkish/Persian
language:‫علی قـوشچی‬, kuşçu –
falconer in Turkish; Latin: Ali
Kushgii) he was an astronomer,
mathematician and physicist
originally from Samarkand, who
settled in the Ottoman Empire
some time before 1472.

21
 Contributions of
Muhammed :

✣ "Risalah dar hay’at"

✣ "Sharh e resalye Fathiyeh", "resalye Mohammadiye"
✣ "Sharh e tejrid" on Nasir al-Din al-Tusi's "Tejrid al-kalam“. That work
is called "Sharh e Jadid" in scientific community.
✣ Resaletu'l-Muhammediyye fi-Hesab (In Arabic)
✣ Resale dar elm-e Hesab: Suleymaniye (Arabic)
✣ Kalam and Fiqh
✣ Sharh e Jadid ale't-Tejrîd
✣ Hashiye ale't-Telvîh
✣ Unkud-üz-Zevahir fi Nazm-al-Javaher

22
Abū al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī ibn
Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-
Qalaṣādī

✣ (Arabic:‫اـــرشي‬
‫نعلي لق‬
‫نمحمد بــــ‬
‫أبو لاــحسنعلي بــــ‬
‫ ; لاــبسطي‬1412–1486) was a Muslim
Arab mathematician from Al-
Andalus specializing in Islamic
inheritance jurisprudence. Al-
Qalaṣādī was born in Baza, an
outpost of the Emirate of Granada.

23
 Contributions of al-Qalaṣādī:

✣ al-Tabsira fi'lm al-hisab (Arabic:‫يعلـم لاــحسـاب‬

‫" لاــتبصـير فـــ‬Clarification of the
science of arithmetic").

✣ Algebra and contained the precise mathematical answers to

problems in everyday life, such as:
✣ a. The composition of medicaments
✣ b. The calculation of the drop of irrigation canals
✣ c. The explanation of frauds linked to instruments of measurement.
The second part belongs to the already ancient tradition of judicial
and cultural mathematics and joins a collection of little arithmetical
problems presented in the form of poetical riddles.

24
 Contributions of al-Qalaṣādī:
✣ Symbolic algebra
✣ Al-Qalaṣādī represented mathematical symbols using characters from the Arabic alphabet,
where:
✣ ‫( ﻭ‬wa) means "and" for addition (+)
✣ ‫( ﻻ‬illa) means "less" for subtraction (-)
✣ ‫( ف‬fi) means "times" for multiplication (*)
✣ ‫( ع‬ala) means "over" for division (/)
✣ ‫( ﺝ‬j) represents jadah meaning "root"
✣ ‫( ﺵ‬sh) represents shay meaning "thing" for a variable (x)
✣ ‫( ﻡ‬m) represents moraba'a for a square (x2)
✣ ‫( ﻙ‬k) represents moka'ab for a cube (x3)
✣ ‫( ﻝ‬l) represents ya'adilu for equality (=)
✣ As an example, the equation {\displaystyle 2x^{3}+3x^{2}-4x+5=0} 2x^{3}+3x^{2}-
4x+5=0 would have been written using his notation as: 20 ‫ ﻝ‬5 ‫ﺵ ﻭ‬4 ‫ﻡ ﻻ‬3 ‫ﻙ ﻭ‬
25
Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī

✣ (1364 in Bursa, Ottoman Empire –

1436 in Samarqand, Timurid
Empire), whose actual name was
Salah al-Din Musa Pasha (qāḍī
zāda means "son of the judge", al-
rūmī "the Roman" indicating he
came from Asia Minor, which was
once Roman), was a Turkish
astronomer and mathematician
who worked at the observatory in
Samarkand. He computed sin 1° to
an accuracy of 10−12.
26
 Contributions of al-Rūmī:

✣ Zij-i-Sultani, contained the positions of 992 stars.

✣ Sharh al-Mulakhkhas (Commentary on Jaghmini's

compendium on the science of Astronomy

✣ Sharh Ashkal al-Ta'sis (Commentary on Samarkandi's

Arithmetics)

27
Abraham Zacuto

✣ Spanish astronomer, historian,

mathematician, rabbi, and
astrologer who served as Royal
Astronomer to King John ll of
Portugal. Born on August 12, 1452
in Salamanca, Spain about the
middle of the 15th century. He
wrote quadrennial, ables of solar
declination on the influence of the
stars and on eclipses of the sun
and moon.

28
Contributions of Zacuto:

✣ One of his major

contributions was the
Ha-hibbur ha-gadol or
the Biur luhot, a new
type of astrolable
specialized for practical
determination of latitude
while at sea, it helped
immediately
revolutionize ocean
navigation.

29
Nicolas Chuquet

✣ A French mathematician. Born on

1445 in Paris, France. He invented
his own notation for algebraic
concepts and exponentiation. He
may have been the first
mathematician to recognjze zero
and negative numbers as
exponents.

30
 Contributions of Chuquet:
✣ The first French algebra text was one of his major contribution in
mathematics, Nicolas Chuquet’s Triparty en la science des nombres
(1484; “The Science of Numbers in Three Parts”). As part of a
discussion on how to use the Hindu-Arabic numerals, Triparty
contained relatively complicated symbolic expressions, such as
R²14pR²180 (meaning: √14 + √180).
✣ Chuquet also introduced a more flexible way of denoting powers of
the unknown—i.e., 122 (for 12 squares) and even m12m (to
indicate −12x−2). This was, in fact, the first time that negative
numbers were explicitly used in European mathematics. Chuquet
could now write an equation as follows:
✣ .3.²p.12 egaulx a .9.¹
✣ (meaning: 3x2 + 12 = 9x).

31
Nicolas of Cusa

✣ Nicholas Of Cusa, German Nikolaus

Von Cusa, Latin Nicolaus Cusanus,
(born 1401, Kues, Trier—died Aug.
11, 1464, Todi, Papal States),
cardinal, mathematician, scholar,
experimental scientist, and
influential philosopher who
stressed the incomplete nature of
man's knowledge of God and of
the universe.

32
 Contributions of Nicolas :
✣ In his scientific investigations in mathematics Nicholas was
interested in geometry and logic. He had clearly made a study of at
least parts of Euclid’s Elements and works of Thomas Bradwardine
and Campanus of Novara. He contributed to the study of infinity,
studying the infinitely large and the infinitely small. Mathematics
was important for Nicholas not only with respect to theology and
theological considerations but he treated it as a model of all
veritable knowledge. The reason is the fact that in mathematics
one uses numbers and figures constructed by the mind without any
reference to the physical reality which is changeable and to the
knowledge about it.

33
 Contributions of Nicolas :
✣ Examples:
⨳ In De docta ignorantia [9, Book II, Chapter 13] he wrote:
■ And so, God, who created all things in number, weight,
and measure,arranged the elements in an admirable
order. (Number pertains to arithmetic, weight to music,
measure to geometry.)
✣ He refers to the idea of creation of the world by God writing
(ibidem):
⨳ In creating the world, God used arithmetic, geometry, music,
and likewise astronomy. (We ourselves also use these arts
when we investigate the comparative relationships of objects,
of elements, and of motions.) For through arithmetic God
united things. Through geometry He shaped them, in order
that they would thereby attain firmness, stability, and mobility
in accordance with their conditions.
34
Chennas Narayanan
Namboodiripad

✣ (born 1428) was a 15th-century

mathematician from Kerala, India.
✣ Narayanan Namboodiripad was
considered to be an authority in
the fields of Vaasthusaastram
(Indian Architecture), Mathematics
and Tantram. He authored a book
titled Thanthra Samuchayam
which is still considered as the
authentic reference manual in the
field of temple architecture and
rituals.
35
 Contributions of
Namboodiripad :

✣ A method of arriving at a circle starting with a square, and

successively making it a regular octagon, a regular 16-
sided, a 32-sided, 64-sided polygons, etc.
✣ Co-ordinate system of fixing points in a plane.
✣ Converting a square to a regular hexagon having
approximately equal area.
✣ Finding the width of a regular octagon, given the perimeter.

36
Yehuda Farissol

✣ Yehuda Farissol (Hebrew: ‫יהודה‬

‫ ;פריצול‬fl. late fifteenth century)
was a Jewish-Italian mathematician
and astronomer.

37
 Contributions of Farissol :

✣ In 1499 he published a description of the

astronomical sphere with diagrams, under the title
Iggeret S'fira (Epistle of the Sphere).

38
Michael Falkener
✣ Michael Falkener was a Polish
Scholastic philosopher,
astronomer, astrologer,
mathematician, theologian,
philologist, and professor of the
Kraków Academy. His career
settled well into 15th century and
was born about 1460 and
marticulated at Cracow in 1478.
He lectured in arts until 1512
emphasizing particularly
mathematical and astronomical
teaching.
39
Contributions of Falkener :

✣ His most important

early work was an
influential introduction
to Cracovian astronomy
and the almanac which
first appeared in 1506.

40
Isaac ben Moses Eli

✣ Isaac ben Moses Eli ha-

Sefaradi was a fifteenth
century Spanish Jewish
mathematician, born at Oriola,
Aragon.

41
 Contributions of Eli :

✣ He wrote a mathematical work entitled

Meleket ha-Mispar, divided into three parts: (1)
a theory of numbers, dealing with the first four
rules and the extraction of square roots; (2)
proportion, and (3) elementary geometry. The
book is an introduction to Euclid, and begins
with a definition of the science of figures.

42
Isaac ibn al-Ahdab
✣ Isaac ibn al-Ahdab was a Jewish
mathematician, astronomer, and
poet.
✣ Ibn al-Aḥdab was born in Castile to a
prominent Jewish family. He was a
student of Judah ben Asher II, the
great-grandson of Asher ben Yeḥiel of
Cologne, who was killed in the anti-
Jewish massacres of 1391. By 1396
Ibn al-Aḥdab had fled Spain and was
in Sicily, where he lived (in Syracuse
and Palermo) until his death around
1426.
43
 Contributions of al-Ahdab :

✣ He studied the algebra of Maghrebi

mathematician Ibn al-Bannā and published The
Epistle of the Number, a translation and
detailed commentary on Ibn al-Bannā's 13th
century treatise Talḵīṣ ʿAmal al-Ḥisāb. The
work is notable in being the first known
Hebrew-language treatise to include extensive
algebraic theories and operations.

44
Jamshid al-Kāshī

✣ Ghiyāth al-Dīn Jamshīd Masʿūd al-

Kāshī also known as Jamshid al-
Kāshī was a Persian astronomer
and mathematician. Much of al-
Kāshī's work was not brought to
Europe, and much, even the
extant work, remains unpublished
in any form.

45
 Contributions of al-Kāshī :

✣ His major contribution in mathematics was the

Law of Cosines: In French, the law of cosines is
named Théorème d'Al-Kashi (Theorem of Al-
Kashi), as al-Kashi was the first to provide an
explicit statement of the law of cosines in a
form suitable for triangulation.

46
Ibn al-Majdi

✣ Shihāb al‐Dīn ibn al‐Majdī (Arabic:

‫ ; شـهـاب الـديـن ن‬1359–1447 CE)
‫بــــ لاــمجدي‬
was an Egyptian mathematician
and astronomer during the first
half of the 15th century. He
occupied the positions of
muwaqqit (timekeeper) at al‐
Azhar Mosque and of “head of the
teachers” at the Jānibakiyya
madrasa (privately endowed
religious college).

47
 Contributions of Ibn al-Majdi:

✣ His most important

mathematical work was "Book
of Substance", a voluminous
commentary on the Summary
of the Operations of
Calculations by Ibn al-Banna'.
Ibn al‐Majdī played an
important role as a didactic
author; his writings were still
read and commented upon in
Egypt in the late 19th century
48
Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi

✣ Muhammad Ibn Ghazi al-'Utmani

al-Miknasi (1437–1513) was a
Moroccan scholar in the field of
history, Islamic law, Arabic
philology and mathematics. He
was born in Meknes from banu
uthman a clan in the berber
kutama tribe, but spent his life in
Fez.

49
Contributions of al-Miknasi:
✣ Ibn Ghazi wrote a three-volume history of
Meknes and a commentary to the treatise of
Ibn al-Banna, Munyat al-hussab. For an
explanation of his work, Ibn Ghazi wrote
another treatise (about 300 pages long) titled
Bughyat al-tulab fi sharh munyat al-hussab
("The desire of students for an explanation of
the calculator's craving").

✣ He included sections on arithmetic and

algebraic methods. He is also the author of
Kulliyat, a short work on legal questions and
judgements in the Maliki madhab.

50
Mordecai Comtino
✣ Mordecai ben Eliezer Comtino was
a rabbi, philologist, philosopher,
astronomer, and mathematician
during the first quarter of the 15th
century. Born in Constantinople,
he studied under Hanoch Saporta,
a distinguished Catalonian rabbi,
and was greatly influenced by
Sephardic culture and tradition
even though he himself was a
Romaniot or perhaps even of
French origin.

51
 Contributions of Comtino:

✣ Mordecai was a teacher of mathematics, and did much to

advance the study of the exact sciences in Turkey. His chief
works in this branch are: a treatise in two parts on
arithmetic and geometry, in which he follows partly the
Greek and Latin authors, partly the Mohammedan "Perush
Luḥot Paras," a commentary written in 1425 on the
astronomical tables of Yezdegerd.

52
Mordechai ben Abraham
Finzi

✣ (Hebrew: ‫מרדכי בן אברהם פינצי‬, c.

1407–1476 in Mantua) was a
Jewish mathematician,
astronomer, grammarian and
physician in Mantua.

53
 Contributions of Finzi :

✣ Finzi's astronomical tables were published under the title

Luḥot, probably before 1480. He wrote glosses to Efodi's
Hebrew grammar, Ḥesheb ha-Efod.

✣ He also translated a number of mathematical books into

Hebrew, such as a work of geometry under the title
Ḥokmat ha-Medidah, and the Book of Algebra of Abu
Kamil under the title Taḥbulat ha-Mispar.

54
Johannes Regiomontanus
✣ (6 June 1436 – 6 July 1476),[1]
better known as
Regiomontanus , was a
mathematician, astrologer and
astronomer of the German
Renaissance, active in Vienna,
Buda and Nuremberg. His
contributions were
instrumental in the
development of Copernican
heliocentrism in the decades
following his death.
55
Contributions of
Regiomontanus:

✣ His Epitome of the

Almagest was
published in 1496.

56
Parameshvara

✣ Vatasseri Parameshvara
Nambudiri (c. 1380–1460)[1]
was a major Indian
mathematician and
astronomer of the Kerala
school of astronomy and
mathematics founded by
Madhava of Sangamagrama.

57
 Contributions of
Parameshvara:

✣ He was also an astrologer. Parameshvara was a proponent of

observational astronomy in medieval India and he himself
had made a series of eclipse observations to verify the
accuracy of the computational methods then in use. Based on
his eclipse observations, Parameshvara proposed several
corrections to the astronomical parameters which had been
in use since the times of Aryabhata. The computational
scheme based on the revised set of parameters has come to
be known as the Drgganita or Drig system.
✣ Parameshvara was also a prolific writer on matters relating to
astronomy. At least 25 manuscripts have been identified as
being authored by Parameshvara

58
 Simon Motot

✣ Simon ben Moses ben Simon Motot

(Hebrew: ‫שמעון בן משה בן שמעון מטוט‬, Shim'on
ben Moshe ben Shim'on Moṭoṭ) was a
Jewish-Italian mathematician of the
fifteenth century who probably lived in
Lombardy. His treatise was likely the first
Hebrew work giving a detailed treatment
of the al-Khwarizmian form of algebra..

59
 Contributions of Motot:

✣ Two works by Motot have been preserved:

⨳ One is a treatise on algebra, entitled "Sefer ha-

Alzibra," or "Kelale me-Ḥeshbon ha-Aljibra.

⨳ The other of Motot's works, entitled Al Yetzirat Shene

Kavim She'lo Nifgashu, deals with the problem of the
asymptotes.

60
Nilakantha Somayaji

✣ Keļallur Nilakantha Somayaji

(14 June 1444 – 1544), also
referred to as Keļallur
Comatiri,[1] was a major
mathematician and
astronomer of the Kerala
school of astronomy and
mathematics

61
 Contributions of Somayaji:

✣ One of his most influential

works was the
comprehensive
astronomical treatise
Tantrasamgraha
completed in 1501.

Tantrasamgraha

62
Vatasseri Damodara
Nambudiri
✣ was an astronomer-mathematician
of the Kerala school of astronomy
and mathematics who flourished
during the fifteenth century CE.
He was a son of Paramesvara
(1360–1425) who developed the
drigganita system of astronomical
computations. The family home of
Paramesvara was Vatasseri
(sometimes called Vatasreni) in
the village of Alathiyur, Tirur in
Kerala.

63
 Contributions of damadora:

✣ Damodara was a teacher of Nilakantha Somayaji. As

a teacher he initiated Nilakantha into the science of
astronomy and taught him the basic principles in
mathematical computations..

64
Iacopo da San Cassiano

✣ (between 1395 and 1410 – c.

1454), also known as Iacobus
Cremonensis, was an Italian
humanist and mathematician. He
translated from Greek to Latin the
writings of Archimedes and parts
of Diodorus'

65
Contributions of Cassiano :

✣ At the court of Nicholas V, he was

entrusted with various scientific tasks,
including revising the translation and
commentary of the Almagest done by
Trapezuntius. This caused a huge
controversy between the two
humanists that ended with the flight of
Trapezuntius from Rome. In addition to
this, he was entrusted with the
translation of some books of the
Bibliotheca historica of Diodorus.

66
Puthumana Somayaji
✣ Somayaji (c.1660–1740) was a 15th-
century astronomer-mathematician
from Kerala, India. He was born into
the Puthumana or Puthuvana (in
Sanskrit, Nutanagriha or Nuthanvipina)
family of Sivapuram (identified as
present day Thrissur).

✣ Contribution:
⨳ The most famous work attributed
to Puthumana Somayaji is
Karanapaddhati which is a
comprehensive treatise on
Astronomy.

67
Johannes Widmann
✣ (c. 1460 – after 1498) was a
German mathematician. The +
and - symbols first appeared in
print in his book Mercantile
published in Leipzig in 1489 in
reference to surpluses and deficits
in business problems.
✣ Born in Eger, Bohemia, Widmann
attended the University of Leipzig
in the 1480s. In 1482 he earned
his "Baccalaureus" (Bachelor of
Art degree) and in 1485 his
"Magister" (doctorate).
68
Contributions of Widmann :
✣ Widman published Behende und
hübsche Rechenung auff allen
Kauffmanschafft (German; i.e. Nimble
and neat calculation in all trades), his
work making use of the signs, in Leipzig
in 1489
✣ Widman announced holding lectures on
e.g. calculating on the lines of a
calculating board and on algebra. There
is evidence that the lecture on algebra
actually took place, making it the first
known university lecture on this topic.

69
 Madhava of
Sangamagrama

✣ Mādhava (c. 1340 – c. 1425) was an

Indian mathematician and astronomer
from the town believed to be present-
day Aloor, Irinjalakuda in Thrissur
District, Kerala, India. He is considered
the founder of the Kerala school of
astronomy and mathematics. One of
the greatest mathematician-
astronomers of the Middle Ages,
Madhava made pioneering
contributions to the study of infinite
series, calculus, trigonometry,
geometry, and algebra.

70
 Contributions of
Sangamagrama :

✣ He was the first to use infinite series

approximations for a range of
trigonometric functions, which has
been called the "decisive step onward
from the finite procedures of ancient
mathematics to treat their limit-
passage to infinity".
✣ Madhava may have invented the ideas
underlying infinite series expansions of
functions, power series, trigonometric
series, and rational approximations of
infinite series.

71
John Chortasmenos
✣ (Greek: Ιωάννης
Χορτασμένος; 1370–1437)
was a Byzantine monk,
mathematician and
astronomer.
✣ Chortasmenos was a notary of
the patriarchal chancery,
teacher of Mark of Ephesus,
Bessarion and Gennadius
Scholarius. He was the author
of philological, historical and
philosophical
72
works.
 Contributions of
Chortasmenos :
✣ In 1406 he had the Juliana Anicia
Codex of Dioscurides restored,
rebound, and a table of contents
and extensive scholia added in
Byzantine Greek minuscule.
✣ Beside the same problem in
Diophantus' manuscript next to
which Fermat would later write his
famous marginalia (Fermat's Last
Theorem), Chortasmenos wrote,
"Thy soul, Diophantus, be with
Satan because of the difficulty of
your other theorems and
particularly of the present
Fermat's Last Juliana Anicia theorem."
Theorem Codex 73
The end.
74