INTRODUCTION

• Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable illness

and death in the United States.
• It causes many different cancers as well as chronic
lung diseases such as emphysema and bronchitis, heart
disease, pregnancy-related problems, and many other
serious health problems.
• Tobacco is a leafy plant grown around the world.
• In 2007, four countries—China, Brazil, India, and the
United States—produced two-thirds of the world’s
tobacco.
• Tobacco is currently grown in 16 states in the United
States.
 CONSUMPTION
Tobacco consumption in the form of
• Beedis –beedis are thin South Asian cigarettes filled with
tobacco flakes and wrapped in a tendu leaf tied with a string
at one end.
• Cigars-Cigars are tightly rolled bundles of dried and
fermented tobacco which are ignited so that smoke may be
drawn into the smoker's mouth.
• Cigarettes- Cigarettes, French for "small cigar", are a
product consumed through smoking and manufactured out
of cured and finely cut tobacco leaves and reconstituted
tobacco, often combined with other additives, which are then
rolled or stuffed into a paper-wrapped cylinder.
• Hookah-Hookah are a single or multi-stemmed (often glass-
based) water pipe for smoking.
• Kretek- Kretek are cigarettes made with a complex blend of
tobacco, cloves and a flavoring "sauce“’.
 HEALTH BELIEF MODEL

• One of the earliest and most popular theories of

health behaviour was the Health Belief Model
(HBM).
• This model was originally developed in 1950’s by
Social psychologists at U.S public health service.
• This model developed to explain and predict
health related behaviour.
• According to the HBM, six main constructs
influence people’s decisions about whether to
take action including: perceived susceptibility,
perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived
barriers, cues to action and self-efficacy.
The key variables of the HBM are:
• Perceived susceptibility: One’s perception of the
chance of contracting an illness.
• Perceived severity: Feelings concerning the
seriousness of contracting an illness. This may
include both medical and social consequences.
• Perceived benefits: The beliefs about the
effectiveness of taking action.
• Perceived barriers: the beliefs about the negative
consequences of taking action.
• Cues to Action: Include factors that activate or
remind an individual about readiness to change.
• Self-efficacy: How confident an individual is in
his/her ability to take action.
Application of HBM

The Health Belief Model include perceived risks and

benefits with regard to tobacco use, perceived barriers
and self-efficacy for quitting, and cues to action.
Definition (for Tobacco Users)
• Perceived Susceptibility
Tobacco user’s perceived chances of developing
smoking-related conditions (i.e., lung cancer, CVD,
gum disease, infertility, etc.)
• Perceived Severity
Tobacco user’s beliefs regarding seriousness of
various smoking-related conditions and the
consequences of these conditions
• Perceived Benefits
Tobacco user’s belief in the efficacy of the advised
action for smoking cessation in reducing various
health risks
• Perceived Barriers
Tobacco user’s opinion of the tangible and
psychological costs of the advised action for
quitting smoking
• Cues to Action
Strategies to activate "readiness" to quit within
tobacco user
• Self-Efficacy
Tobacco user’s confidence in their ability to
terminate use of tobacco
 LIMITATION

• The health belief model attempts to predict

health-related behaviors by accounting for
individual differences in beliefs and attitudes.
• The health belief model does not consider the
impact of emotions on health-related
behavior.
• Cues to action are often difficult to assess,
limiting research in this area.
• Measurement difficulties (testing of scales).
 REFERENCES
• The Health Belief Model: A Decade Later. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://heb.sagepub.com/content/11/1/1.
• . Janz N, Champion V, Strecher V. The health belief model. In: Glanz
K, Rimer B, Lewis F, eds.Health behavior and health education. 3rd
ed. San Francisco: Jossey‐Bass, 200245–66.66
• Montano D, Kasprzyk D. The theory of reasoned action and the
theory of planned behavior. In: Glanz K, Rimer B, Lewis F,
eds. Health behavior and health education. 3rd ed. San Francisco:
Jossey‐Bass, 200267–98.99
• Champion, V.L., & Skinner, C.S. (2008). The health belief model. In
Glanz K, Rimer BK, Viswanath K, Eds. (4 th ed). Health Behavior and
Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice. San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass.pp. 45-65. (graph on p48)
THANK YOU