Contents

 Disaster Response and Recovery Process

 Disaster response
 The measures or activities of disaster response
 Disaster Recovery
 Purpose of disaster recovery
 Disaster Recovery Actions
 Classification of disaster recovery
 Requirement for successful recovery

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 8.2.1. Disaster Response
Response is the provisions of emergency services and public

assistance during or immediately after a disaster.

This is done in order to

 save lives, reduce health impacts,

 ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence needs of

the people affected.

• Disaster response is predominantly focused on immediate and

short-term needs and is sometimes called “disaster relief”. 2

• Response is the settled activities implemented after
the occurrence of a disaster in order to reduce the
suffering, limit the spread and the consequences
of the disaster, assess the needs and open the way
to rehabilitation.
• It shall be incorporate a multi-sectoral, multi-
disciplinary and multi-resource responsibility, given
the diverse nature of disasters.
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The main aim of disaster response is directly towards saving life and
protecting properties and to dealing with the immediate disruption,
damage and other effect causes by the disasters
In general the aim and the purpose of disaster response are including;
 Save the survival live and take injured to medical

 Limit or reduce causality, that is ensure the survival of the maximum

possibility number of victim
 Mitigate further damage and loss

 Provide the foundation for subsequent recovery

 Establish mechanisms for integrated response.

 Bring order to a disordered situation.

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 8.2.1.1. The Measures or Activities of Disaster

Response

Warning
•In case of Rapid onset Disaster (ROD) warning refer to
arrangement to rapidly dissemination of information
concerning imminent disaster threats to government official,
institution and the population at large in the area at
immediate risk.
•Whereas, in the case of Slow Onset Disaster the term
usually used early warning is applicable.
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• Adequate warning enable remedial measures to be initiated

before hardship become acute.

Evacuation

• Evacuation involves the relocation of population from location

of at risk of an imminent disaster to safer location.

• For evacuation to work there must be a

 timely and accurate warning system,

 clear identification escape routes,

 established policy/plan that required everyone to evacuate

when an order is given, 6
Search and Rescue

• It is the process of searching and identification the

location of disaster victims or injured that may be
trapped or isolated and bring them to safer and
medical attention.

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Emergency relief

• Emergency relief is the provision of humanitarian basic

of materials aid and emergency medical care necessary to
save and preserve human life.
• It also enables families to meet their basic needs for
medical and health care’s, shelter, food, clothes and
water (including materials to prepared foods).
• Mostly relief supply or services are free of charge in the
day and weeks immediately following the sudden disaster.
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Shelter
• In cases of disasters, emergency shelter provision is needed
for those whose homes have been destroyed or are unsafe.
• This may require
urgent repair work (including the provision of
appropriate tools and locally-used materials),
the distribution of tents and tarpaulins for temporary
shelter;
accommodating groups of homeless people in public
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buildings such as schools. 
Food

• In the emergence phase, there is a need to organized and

distribute food to disaster victims and also emergency
workers.

Water and power supplies

• During the emergency it is important to re-establish

water and water supplies, or to make temporary
arrangement for them.
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Temporary subsistence supplies

• Provide supplies such as cloths, disaster kits, cooking utensils

and plastic sheeting, so as to enable victims to manage to
survive temporary in their own area, thus helps to reduce the
need for evacuation.

Health and sanitation

• Providing health and sanitation are also very important

measures to safeguard the health of the people in the stricken
area and to maintain reasonable sanitation facilities.
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Clearance and Access

• Clearing the key roads, airfield and ports in order

allow access for vehicles, aircrafts and shipping also
to prepared helicopter landing sites.

Logistics and Supplies

• In the case of Slow Onset Disasters, the delivery of

emergency relief will required logistic facilities and
capacity 12
Communication and Information Management

• Communication is a crucial in the operation of

disaster response.
• There are two features of communication in
disaster.
• One is focus on the equipment or means of
information flow, such as radio, telephone and their
supporting system of repeaters, satellites and
transition lines. 13
• The other one is information management; the
protocol of knowing who communicates what
information to whom, what priority given to it, and
how it is disseminated and interpreted.
Security

• Security is another important issue after disaster

impacts to maintain law and orders, especially to
protect looting and unnecessary damage.
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 8.2.2. Disaster Recovery

• Recovery is a process by which communities and

the nations are assisted in returning to their proper
level of function following the disaster.
• It is the restoration and improvement where
providing an appropriate of facilities, livelihoods
and living conditions of disaster-affected
communities, including efforts to reduce disaster
risk factors. 15
• It shall cover rehabilitation of survivors, reintegration
of displaced persons, improvement of vulnerable
groups, and reconstruction of infrastructure and
remediation of the environment affected by the disaster.
• Recovery process differs from the response phase in its
focus;
 Recovery efforts must be made after immediate
needs are addressed (such as emergency feeding,
medical service).
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 Recovery efforts are primarily concerned with
actions that involve rebuilding destroyed
property, reemployment, and the repair of other
essential infrastructure.
The recovery process can be very protracted,
taking 5-10 years or even more than.
• However, response depends on urgency and short
terms expediency, while recovery has to be more
general consideration and long term nature. 17
 8.2.2.1. Purpose of Disaster Recovery
• The main aim of disaster recovery measures are repair and
replace damaged structure and regenerate viable social
process and economic activities.
• The broad aim of disaster recovery is
 Physical Recovery

• The restoration and the reconstruction of the physical

damage like housing, road, building, infrastructure,
economic assets, and commercial center, industrial and
agricultural activities. 18
Social Recovery

• After the occurrence of the disaster, the affected

community may be characterized by a broken-
down system
• Due to loss of life, dislocation and migration of
some members, there would be a disruption of
social ties and systems.

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• Therefore, through implementing family support
schemes generate the Social system of the ff are
crucial.

Elder people who left without immediate

family
Orphan, single parent with very young babies

Disabled peoples who have not support

themselves
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Psychological Recovery

• After the occurrence of the disaster, a condition of

psychological trauma or distress involved from the
shock of the disasters events
• Therefore, psychological consulting and treatment
should provide to victims, families, emergency
workers, and authorities operating on the disaster
area.
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 8.2.2.2. Disaster Recovery Actions
• Depending on the complexity of disaster, recovery actions
shall have short and long-term stages.
 Short Term Recovery:
• This is the actions which provided after the emergency
responders identify the affected community and their need.
• This includes:
Providing essential public health and safety services,
Restoring interrupted utilities such as electricity, telecom,
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 Re-establishing transportation routes,

Repairing damaged houses for those displaced by the

incident.
Providing guidance and counseling to the traumatized
internally displaced persons/vulnerable groups
 Long Term Recovery:

• This shall include activities and actions that continue for

number of months or years.

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• Long term recovery shall include:
Re-development of damaged areas with basic
infrastructural facilities such as main roads
Relocation of the affected community parentally to a new
area
Reconstruction and/or construction activities and
rehabilitation program with consideration of the
vulnerable groups
Clean-up and remediation of impacted sites
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 8.2.2.3. Classification of Disaster Recovery
• The main categories of recovery measures are rehabilitation,
reconstruction and development.
1). Rehabilitation
• Rehabilitation is the operations and decision taken after a
disaster with a view to restoring a stricken community to its
former living condition by encouraging, aiding and
facilitating the necessary adjustment to the changes caused
by the disasters.
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• Rehabilitation measures focus on enabling the
affected people that is individual, family and
communities to resume more or less the normal of
life.
• This is transitional phase between immediate relief
and long terms reconstruction and pursuit of on-
going development.
• For instance, this often includes;

Restoration of essential services such as water

supply, education and health service, telecom
service, business service, etc. 26
 Restoration of repairable homes and other building,
and installation
Provision of temporary homes

Provision of psychological counseling

• Rehabilitation also involves re-integration which is the

process of bringing survivors or the affected community
back to the society after any disaster.
2) Reconstruction
• It is the action taken to re-establish a community after a
period of rehabilitation subsequently to disaster. 27
• It involves long-terms of measures of recovery; such action
would include construction of permanent housing, full
restoration of service and complete resumption of the pre-
disaster state.
• It is the full restoration of all local infrastructures,
replacement of damaged structure, and revitalization of the
economic and the full restoration of social and cultural life.
• It must be fully integrated in to on-going long term
development plans, taking consideration a future disaster
risk. 28
• To be effective disaster reconstruction, it needs a
multi-dimensional programs, requiring strong
political will and commitment of government at
all levels.
• It shall also enlist the support of international
organizations, development partners and the
private sector due to the huge financial implication
and logistic burden required for its implementation.
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Development

• Disaster management should provide the link

between disasters related activities and national
development.
• The disaster management process to ensure that the
results of disaster are effectively reflected in future
policies in the interest of national progress.

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• For instance,
Introducing improved and modernized building system
and programs,
Using international disaster assistance standard to
optimum effect,
Applying disaster experience in future research and
development programs and using any other means
appropriate to particular situation.

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8.2.2.4. Requirement For Successful Recovery
Understanding the Recovery Process

• it is important those government bodies, their advisor,

other stockholder concerned with the formulation and
direction of recovery programs should full understand
the nature of recovery.
• Senior decision maker should be prepared to take
flexible attitudes of policies implementation in order
to produce the best and the result. 32
Competent Information Base

• Available of concrete, relevant and adequate information

is a primary of pre-request for recovery action.
• The major sources for such information are as follow;
 Information from response operations:

 from damage surveys and need assessment, operational

report, report from international agencies and media.

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Post-disaster/ response review:

 post-disaster review should be carried out

reasonable soon after completion of the emergency
phase, and to make use of the information acquired
for recovery program purpose.
 Information from special team: from those who
are special technical advisors team in the response
of disaster.
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 Information from development program:
Recovery requirement may have a direct bearing on
existing development plans, such development of housing
program, development of a major road systems, etc.
Overall Recovery Strategies

• The overall recovery strategies clearly need to made at top

governmental level.
• This must be done depend on individuals’ circumstance.

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• The strategies, needs to be broad in nature and to
include, determination of program needs and areas.
• Such program likely includes; governmental aspects
such as national infrastructures (road, port, and
railway), government administration facilities,
education and health care facilities and displacement
of persons and communities.
• Private sectors; such as private house and commercial
buildings, store, shops, tourist facilities, etc. 36
Resource Availability

• Most recovery programs, especially those concerned with

major reconstructions, tend to be very costly.
• Early in the recovery process it is important to establish what
finance is available to carry out these programs.
• In light to this, an assessment of resource such as equipment,
material, skilled personnel need to be made
Program Management and Monitoring

• Effective management and progress monitoring of recovery

program is very essential to achieve at the desire end. 37
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T he

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