Course: Large Scale Database Systems

Course Code: CS 623

Book 1 Book 2 Book 3

By
SAQIB SHAHID RAHIM
Abasyn University, Peshawar
 Course Policy
• Grading Policy
– Assignment/Quiz /class participation 20
– Mid-Term 30
– Final-Term 50
• Attendance 75%
• Text Book

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 Course Introduction
This is an advanced course of the “Database Management
Systems”.
This course enhances the your concepts that you learnt earlier
and the techniques of this course are more advanced and complex
by nature.
The course provides knowledge of different Large Scale database
architectures and Understand the beneficial role of a historical
data of the database system in an Organization. Understand
database concepts, including the structure and operation of the
Data warehouse.
Upon successful completion of this course you should be able to
Understand the basic difference between a database and data
warehouse and data warehousing design methodology steps with
knowledge
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of the databases of future.
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Adopted from Reference Book No 1

By
SAQIB SHAHID RAHIM
Abasyn University, Peshawar
 Chapter 1

The Database Environment

and Development Process
 INTRODUCTION
• Over the past two decades there has been
enormous growth in the number and
importance of database applications.
• Databases are used to store, manipulate, and
retrieve data in nearly every type of
organization, including business, health care,
education, government, and libraries.

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BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

• Data
– Stored representations of objects and events that
have meaning and importance in the user’s
environment.
• Information
– Data that have been processed in such a way as to
increase the knowledge of the person who uses the
data.

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 Data Versus Information
• The terms data and information are
closely related, and in fact are often used
interchangeably.
• For example, consider the following list
of facts:
Usman 3491
Hamza 4769
Sattar 5484
Faisal 5517
• These facts satisfy our definition of data,
but most people would agree that the data
are useless in their present form.
• Notice what happens when we place the
same data in a context, as shown in Figure
1-1a

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 TRADITIONAL FILE PROCESSING
SYSTEMS
• When computer-based data processing was first
available, there were no databases.
• To be useful for business applications, computers
had to store, manipulate, and retrieve large files
of data. Computer file processing systems were
developed for this purpose.
• Although these systems have evolved over time,
their basic structure and purpose have changed
little over several decades.
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Library Examination Registration

Library Examination Registration

Applications Applications Applications

Library Examination Registration

Data Data Data
Files Files Files

10
 File Processing Systems
Library Exam Registration
Reg_Number Reg_Number Reg_Number
Name Name Name
Father Name Address Father Name
Books Issued Class Phone
Fine Semester Address
Grade Class

Duplication of Data
Chance of Inconsistency

11
 Database Approach:
• Also called centralized database
• Database is a shared collection of logically
related data

12
 Database Approach
PROGRAM 1
Data
Description
PROGRAM 2 Database
Data
Manipulation
….
PROGRAM 3

13
 THE DATABASE APPROACH
• Data Models
– Graphical systems used to capture the nature and
relationships among data.
– Data models capture the nature of and relationships
among data and are used at different levels of
abstraction as a database is conceptualized and designed.
• Relational Databases
– A database that represents data as a collection of tables
in which all data relationships are represented by
common values in related tables.

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 Database Management Systems
• A software system that is used to create,
maintain, and provide controlled access to user
databases.

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 Concept of DATA as well as META DATA
• Metadata
– Data that describe the properties or characteristics
of end-user data and the context of those data.

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• PLANNED DATA REDUNDANCY
• IMPROVED DATA CONSISTENCY
• IMPROVED DATA SHARING
• ENFORCEMENT OF STANDARDS
• IMPROVED DATA QUALITY
• IMPROVED DATA ACCESSIBILITY AND
RESPONSIVENESS
• REDUCED PROGRAM MAINTENANCE
• IMPROVED DECISION SUPPORT

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 COMPONENTS OF THE DATABASE
ENVIRONMENT
• FIGURE 1-5: Components of the database
environment

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 COMPONENTS OF THE DATABASE
ENVIRONMENT
1. Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools
CASE tools are automated tools used to design databases
and application programs. These tools help with creation of
data models and in some cases can also help automatically
generate the “code” needed to create the database.
2. Repository A repository is a centralized knowledge base
for all data definitions, data relationships, screen and report
formats, and other system components. A repository contains
an extended set of metadata important for managing
databases as well as other components of an information
system.

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 COMPONENTS OF THE DATABASE
ENVIRONMENT
3. DBMS A DBMS is a software system that is
used to create, maintain, and provide controlled
access to user databases.
4. Database A database is an organized
collection of logically related data, usually
designed to meet the information needs of
multiple users in an organization.

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 COMPONENTS OF THE DATABASE
ENVIRONMENT
5. Application programs Computer-based
application programs are used to create and
maintain the database and provide information to
users.
6. User interface The user interface includes
languages, menus, and other facilities by which
users interact with various system components,
such as CASE tools, application programs, the
DBMS, and the repository.
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 COMPONENTS OF THE DATABASE
ENVIRONMENT
7. Data and database administrators Data administrators are persons
who are responsible for the overall management of data resources in an
organization. Database administrators are responsible for physical
database design and for managing technical issues in the database
environment.
8. System developers System developers are persons such as systems
analysts and programmers who design new application programs.
System developers often use CASE tools for system requirements
analysis and program design.
9. End users End users are persons throughout the organization who
add, delete, and modify data in the database and who request or receive
information from it. All user interactions with the database must be
routed through the DBMS.

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 THE RANGE OF DATABASE
APPLICATIONS
• It is important to understand that the applications and
the database need not to reside on the same computer.
• To better understand the range of database
applications, we divide them into three categories,
based on the location of the client (application) and
the database software itself:
– personal,
– two-tier, and
– multitier databases.

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 Personal Databases
• Personal databases are designed to support one user.
Personal databases have long resided on personal
computers (PCs), including laptops, and increasingly on
smartphones and PDAs.
• The purpose of these databases is to provide the user with
ability to manage (store, update, delete, and retrieve) small
amounts of data in an efficient manner.
• Simple database applications that store customer
information and the details of contacts with each customer
can be used from a PC and easily transferred from one
device to the other for backup and work purposes.

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 Two-Tier Client/Server Databases

• FIGURE 1-6 Two-tier database with local

area network

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 Multitier Client/Server Databases

• FIGURE 1-7 Three-tiered client/server

database architecture

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 THE DATABASE DEVELOPMENT
PROCESS
• How do organizations start developing a
database?
• In many organizations, database development
begins with enterprise data modeling, which
establishes the range and general contents of
organizational databases.
• Its purpose is to create an overall picture or
explanation of organizational data, not the
design for a particular database.
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 Systems Development Life Cycle
• In software engineering, the
discipline that studies the process
people use to develop an information
system is called the system
development life cycle (SDLC) or the
system development methodology.

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 THE END

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