Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Construction Cost Estimates - Excavation and Siteworks
Construction Cost Estimates - Excavation and Siteworks
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
The type of to be excavated and moved must be evaluated and
ascertained for estimate of labor and/or equipment. The
grain-size distribution test is used for soil classification.
However, for estimate purposes, soil classification maybe
based on visual inspection during field work, soil classification
maybe based on visual inspection during field work. Below
are lists of soil formations and their classification.
1. Boulders – pieces of rock usually 250 to 300 mm (10-12
in.) or more in dimensions.
2. Gravel – pieces of rock from about 50 mm (2 in.) maximum
to less than 6 mm (0.25 in.) minimum size; (ASTM, 2.0 to
60.0 mm).
3. Sand – mineral particles smaller than gravel from about
0.05 mm to 0.075 mm; (ASTM, 0.06 mm to 2.0 mm).
4. Silt – mineral particles ranging in size from 0.005 to 0.006
mm; (ASTM, 0.002 to 0.06 mm).
5. Clay – mineral particles smaller than silt size of about
0.001 mm minimum,; (ASTM, less than 0.002 mm). If the
particles are smaller than 0.001 mm, they may be called
colloids.
TYPES OF EXCAVATION
1. Building-construction excavation,
2. Drainage and canal excavation, (trenching),
3. Road-construction excavation,
4. Borrow pit excavation (for earth fill),
5. Water and power supply excavation,
6. Tunneling.