HEART DISEASE

PRESENTED BY:
OKE, DANIEL
ARREGLADO, MARLCHIEL NATHAN
TAGACAY, JOVELYN
What is cardiovascular disease?

 Cardiovascular disease generally refers to

conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood
vessels that can lead to a heart attack, chest pain
(angina) or stroke. Other heart conditions, such as
those that affect your heart's muscle, valves or
rhythm, also are considered forms of heart
disease.
TYPES
 Congenitalheart disease: This is a general term for some
deformities of the heart that have been present since birth.
Examples include:
 Septal defects: There is a hole between the two chambers of the heart.
 Obstruction defects: The flow of blood through various chambers of the
heart is partially or totally blocked.
 Cyanotic heart disease: A defect in the heart causes a shortage of
oxygen around the body.
 Acyanotic heart disease: Blood is shunted from left side of the heart to
the right side of the heart due to a hole in the interventricular septum.
Arrhythmia
 It is an irregular heartbeat. There are several ways in which a
heartbeat can lose its regular rhythm. These include:

 Tachycardia, when the heart beats too fast

 bradycardia, when the heart beats too slow
 fibrillation, when the heartbeat is irregular
 premature ventricular contractions, or additional, abnormal
beats
Coronary artery disease

 Coronary arteries supply the heart muscle

with nutrients and oxygen by circulating
blood. Coronary arteries can become
diseased or damaged, usually because of
plaque deposits that contain cholesterol.
Plaque build up narrows the coronary
arteries, and this causes the heart to receive
less oxygen and nutrients.
Dilated cardiomyopathy

Heart chambers become dilated as a

result of heart muscle weakness and
cannot pump blood properly. The most
common reason is that not enough
oxygen reaches the heart muscle, due
to coronary artery disease. This usually
affects the left ventricle.
Myocardial infarction

Also known as a heart attack, cardiac

infarction, and coronary thrombosis. An
interrupted blood flow damages or destroys
part of the heart muscle. This is usually
caused by a blood clot that develops in one
of the coronary arteries and can also occur
if an artery suddenly narrows or spasms.
Heart failure

 Alsoknown as congestive heart failure, heart

failure occurs when the heart does not pump
blood around the body efficiently. The left
or right side of the heart might be affected.
Rarely, both sides are. Coronary artery
disease or high blood pressure can, over
time, leave the heart too stiff or weak to fill
and pump properly.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

 Thisis a genetic disorder in which the wall of

the left ventricle thickens, making it harder
for blood to be pumped out of the heart.
This is the leading cause of sudden death in
athletes. A parent with hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy has a 50 percent chance of
passing the disorder on to their children.
Mitral valve prolapse

 Thevalve between the left atrium and left

ventricle does not fully close, it bulges
upwards, or back into the atrium. In most
people, the condition is not life-threatening,
and no treatment is required. Some people,
especially if the condition is marked by
mitral regurgitation, may require treatment.
Pulmonary stenosis

 It becomes hard for the heart to pump blood from

the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery because
the pulmonary valve is too tight. The right ventricle
has to work harder to overcome the obstruction. An
infant with severe stenosis can turn blue. Older
children will generally have no symptoms. Treatment
is needed if the pressure in the right ventricle is too
high, and a balloon valvuloplasty or open-heart
surgery may be performed to clear an obstruction.
Symptoms:

 Chest pain, chest tightness, chest pressure and

chest discomfort (angina)
 Shortness of breath
 Pain, numbness, weakness or coldness in your legs
or arms if the blood vessels in those parts of your
body are narrowed
 Pain in the neck, jaw, throat, upper abdomen or
back
Diagnosis

 Electrocardiogram (ECG).
 Holter monitoring.
 Echocardiogram.
 Stress test.
 Cardiac catheterization.
 Cardiac computerized tomography (CT) scan.
 Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
 Risk factors
 Age. Aging increases your risk of damaged and narrowed arteries and weakened or
thickened heart muscle.
 Sex. Men are generally at greater risk of heart disease. However, women's risk increases
after menopause.
 Family history. A family history of heart disease increases your risk of coronary artery
disease, especially if a parent developed it at an early age (before age 55 for a male
relative, such as your brother or father, and 65 for a female relative, such as your mother
or sister).
 Smoking. Nicotine constricts your blood vessels, and carbon monoxide can damage their
inner lining, making them more susceptible to atherosclerosis. Heart attacks are more
common in smokers than in non-smokers.
 Certain chemotherapy drugs and radiation therapy for cancer. Some chemotherapy drugs
and radiation therapies may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
 Poor diet. A diet that's high in fat, salt, sugar and cholesterol can contribute to the
development of heart disease.
 Risk factors
 High blood pressure. Uncontrolled high blood pressure can result in hardening and
thickening of your arteries, narrowing the vessels through which blood flows.
 High blood cholesterol levels. High levels of cholesterol in your blood can increase the risk
of formation of plaques and atherosclerosis.
 Diabetes. Diabetes increases your risk of heart disease. Both conditions share similar risk
factors, such as obesity and high blood pressure.
 Obesity. Excess weight typically worsens other risk factors.
 Physical inactivity. Lack of exercise also is associated with many forms of heart disease and
some of its other risk factors, as well.
 Stress. Unrelieved stress may damage your arteries and worsen other risk factors for heart
disease.
 Poor hygiene. Not regularly washing your hands and not establishing other habits that can
help prevent viral or bacterial infections can put you at risk of heart infections, especially
if you already have an underlying heart condition. Poor dental health also may contribute
to heart disease.
 Prevention
 Certain types of heart disease, such as heart defects, can't be prevented.
However, you can help prevent many other types of heart disease by making the
same lifestyle changes that can improve your heart disease, such as:
 Quit smoking
 Control other health conditions, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol
and diabetes
 Exercise at least 30 minutes a day on most days of the week
 Eat a diet that's low in salt and saturated fat
 Maintain a healthy weight
 Reduce and manage stress
 Practice good hygiene
 DASH diet
 Treatment
 Heart disease treatments vary by condition. For instance, if you have a heart
infection, you'll likely be given antibiotics. In general, treatment for heart disease
usually includes:
  
 Lifestyle changes. These include eating a low-fat and low-sodium diet, getting at
least 30 minutes of moderate exercise on most days of the week, quitting
smoking, and limiting alcohol intake.
 Medications. If lifestyle changes alone aren't enough, your doctor may prescribe
medications to control your heart disease. The type of medication will depend on
the type of heart disease.
 Medical procedures or surgery. If medications aren't enough, it's possible your
doctor will recommend specific procedures or surgery. The type of procedure will
depend on the type of heart disease and the extent of the damage to your heart.
 Lifestyle and home remedies
 Heart disease can be improved — or even prevented — by making certain lifestyle
changes. The following changes can help anyone who wants to improve heart health:
 Stop smoking. Smoking is a major risk factor for heart disease, especially
atherosclerosis. Quitting is the best way to reduce your risk of heart disease and its
complications.
 Control your blood pressure. Ask your doctor for a blood pressure measurement at
least every two years. He or she may recommend more frequent measurements if
your blood pressure is higher than normal or you have a history of heart disease.
Optimal blood pressure is less than 120 systolic and 80 diastolic, as measured in
millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).
 Check your cholesterol. Ask your doctor for a baseline cholesterol test when you're
in your 20s and then at least every five years. You may need to start testing earlier
if high cholesterol is in your family. If your test results aren't within desirable
ranges, your doctor may recommend more frequent measurements.
 Keep diabetes under control. If you have diabetes, tight blood sugar control can help reduce the risk
of heart disease.
 Move. Exercise helps you achieve and maintain a healthy weight and control diabetes, elevated
cholesterol and high blood pressure — all risk factors for heart disease. If you have a heart arrhythmia
or heart defect, there may be some restrictions on the activities you can do, so talk to your doctor.
 With your doctor's OK, aim for 30 to 60 minutes of physical activity most days of the week.
 Eat healthy foods. A heart-healthy diet based on fruits, vegetables and whole grains — and low in
saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium and added sugar — can help you control your weight, blood
pressure and cholesterol.
 Maintain a healthy weight. Being overweight increases your risk of heart disease. A BMI of less than
25 and a waist circumference of 35 inches (88.9 centimeters) or less is the goal for preventing and
treating heart disease.
 Manage stress. Reduce stress as much as possible. Practice techniques for managing stress, such as
muscle relaxation and deep breathing.
 Deal with depression. Being depressed can increase your risk of heart disease significantly. Talk to
your doctor if you feel hopeless or uninterested in your life.
 Practice good hygiene. Stay away from people with infectious diseases such as colds, get vaccinated
against the flu, regularly wash your hands, and brush and floss your teeth regularly to keep yourself
well.
THANK YOU! 