WORKSHOP ON

GEOMETRICAL TOLERANCE AND

DIMENSIONING
CONTENT OF DAY-1
• INTRODUCTION
• WHAT IS GD&T?
• WHY GD&T?
• WHEN SHOULD GD&T BE USED?
• ENGG DRAWING BASICS
• TEST
WHICH IS EASY TO RECONGNISE ?
WHICH IS EASY TO RECONGNISE ?
INTRODUCTION

• HOW THE COURSE IS DIFFERENT?

AN INTERNATION LANGUAGE

ERRORS CAN BE COSTLY

COST BENEFITS

GD&T REDUCES ASSEMBLY PROBLEMS

 INTRODUCTION

• GD&T is an international language used to describe a part accurately.

• It comprises of symbols, rules and definitions for defining a geometry of

mechanical part.

• It has many benefits like uniformity in drawings, Better designs, No

assumptions, large tolerances.

• It is used especially in the manufacturing sector for dimensioning and

Tolerancing
WHY GD&T?

GD&T allows us to:

• Control more of the important aspects of the feature - the geometry as
well as the size
• Avoid tolerance stacking
• Have a cleaner, clearer drawing
• Specify tolerance zones in a manner more similar to the way they will
be verified – it identifies the datum surfaces from which a feature is to
be dimensioned
• Helps specify how the part is to be inspected and manufactured –
implies how the part is to be fixtured
WHEN SHOULD GD&T BE USED?

• When part features are critical to a function or

interchangeability
• When functional gaging is desirable
• When datum references are desirable to ensure consistency
between design
• When standard interpretation or tolerance is not already
implied
• When it allows a better choice of machining processes to be
made for production of a part
ENGEERING DRAWING
ENGEERING DRAWING

• Graphical means of expression of Technical details without the barrier of a

Language
• Diagrams/sketches/pictures – communication skills
• We grasp information easily if it is illustrated with diagrams, sketches,
pictures, etc.
• A drawing of an object that contains all information like actual shape,
accurate size, manufacturing methods, etc., required for its
construction.
• No construction/manufacturing of any (man -made) engineering objects is
possible without engineering drawing.
ANGLE OF PROJECTION
ANGLE OF PROJECTION

Clock wise direction 90

ANGLE OF PROJECTION

Clock wise direction 90

ANGLE OF PROJECTION

Clock wise direction 90

ANGLE OF PROJECTION

Clock wise direction 90

LIMITS

• when two extreme allowable sizes, between which the actual size is
contained are called limits.
• Limits are two extreme allowable sizes of a given dimensions.
• Maximum limit of size:-The greater of two is known as maximum limit of size.
• Minimum limit of size:-The smaller of two is known as minimum limit of size.
FITS

Degree of tightness between two parts

OR
Relationship between two existing parts(i.e.shaft
and hole)
FITS

Clearance fit
In this type of fit, the largest permitted shaft diameter is less than the
smallest hole diameter so that the shaft can rotate or slide according to the
purpose of the
assembly.
FITS

Interference Fit:
It is defined as the fit established when a negative clearance exists between the sizes of
holes and the shaft. In this type of fit, the minimum permitted diameter of the shaft is
larger than the maximum allowable diameter of the hole. In case of this type of fit, the
members are intended to be permanently attached.
Ex: Bearing bushes, Keys & key ways
FITS

Transition Fit:
In this type of fit, the diameter of the largest allowable hole is greater
than the smallest shaft, but the smallest hole is smaller than the largest shaft, such that a
small positive or negative clearance exists between the shaft & hole.
Ex: Coupling rings, Spigot in mating holes, etc.
TOLERANCE

It can be defined as the total

permissible variation of size
OR
The difference between the maximum limit and
minimum limit
INTERCHANGEABILITY AND SELECTIVE
ASSEMBLY

GIVE SOME MORE EXAMPLES

BASIS OF FITS

• Hole Basis: In this system, the basic diameter of the hole is constant
while the shaft size is varied according to the type of fit.

• Shaft Basis the basic diameter of the shaft is constant while the hole
size is varied according to the type of fit.
 TEST

Develop a tolerance for a pneumatic cylinder guide (slide). The guide is a mating
feature consisting of a pin and a hole. The pin will run back and forth within the
hole as the cylinder extends/retracts. The hole will be produced with a drill and
the shaft will be turned on a lathe. The nominal size is 13/16”, and the allowance
is 0.002”. The tolerances will be specified to the thousandths of an inch

Q: Is the hole or the shaft the basis for this application?

A: It is a basic hole system. The hole will be produced with a standard size drill
bit, which is difficult to vary in fine increments. The shaft diameter can be easily
varied on a lathe.

Q: What kind of fit is required?

A: Since the nominal allowance is positive, a clearance fit will result. Common
sense also tells you that a clearance fit is required to allow the running motion.
An interference or transition fit would/could cause binding.