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HEMATOPOIESIS
HEMATOPOIESIS
FORMATION
(HEMATOPOIESIS)
dr. Mansyur Arif, Ph.D, SpPK
Dept. of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine,
Hasanuddin University, Makassar
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Definition
Hematopoiesis is the proliferation of
progenitor cells, which are maintained by
the stem cells and their differentiation into all
the cellular components of blood.
B. Sites of hematopoiesis depend on the
presence of disease and on the develop-
mental state of the individual.
1. Normal conditions originate in the bone
marrow
Some components (e.g., erythrocytes and
platelets) complete their development at
medullary (i.e., bone marrow) sites, whereas
other components (e.g., T and B cells)
complete their development at extramedullary.
Foetus : 0 – 2 months yolk sac
0 – 7 months liver, spleen
5 – 9 months bone marrow
Infants : Bone marrow (practically all
bones)
Adults : vertebrae, ribs, sternum, skull,
sacrum, proximal ends of femur
2. Disease
In the presence of disease, extramedullary
sites can serve as primary sites of blood
cell development.
CFUGEMM Lymphoid
stem cell
Erythroid CFUEo
Progenitors CFUMeg CFUGM
CFUE
Thymus
CFU-M CFU-G
B T
lymphotoxins (Table 3)
Table 3. Lymphoid Hematopoietic Growth Factors
Name Source Function
IL - 1 Macrophages, T Stimulates growth of T and B cells,
and B cells, mediates inflammation, inhibits growth of
fibroblasts some cancer cells.
IL - 2 (T T cells Binds to receptors on cytotoxic T cells,
cells GF) promote their growth, stimulates growth of
helper T cells.
IL - 4 T cells, NK cells, Stimulates & regulates growth and diff. of T
mast cells and B cells, eosinophils and basophils.
IL – 5 T cells Regulates production of eosinophils.
Activates mature eosinophils.
(Eo–GF)
IL - 6 Lymphocytes, Promotes macrophage formation.
fibroblasts Stimulates IgG production by B cells.
IL-7 Stromal Cells Supports long-term survival of B and T
cells in vitro.
IL - 8 Fibroblasts, Enhancement of neutrophil function
vasc. endot.
Common General Features of
Hematopoietic Growth Factors
STEM CELLS
PRONORMOBLAST
BASOPHILIC NORMOBLAST
POLYCHROMATOPHILIC NORMOBLAST
ORTHOCHROMATOPHILIC NORMOBLAST
RETICULOCYTE
Normoblasts
Pool of nucleated erythroid precursor in marrow
~ 2% pronormoblast
~ 18% basophilic normoblast
~ 54% polychromatophilic normoblasts
~ 26% orthochromatophilic normoblasts
Nucleated red cells (normoblasts) appear in the
blood if erythropoiesis is occurring outsides the
marrow (e.medullary e.poiesis) and also with
some marrow diseases.
Erythropoietin (Epo)
- Regulate erythropoietic activity
- Also shorten the total time taken for a pro-
normoblast to mature into marrow reticu-
locytes & for the later to be released into
the circulation
The life span averages aprox. 120 days.
Marrow requires many precursor to
synthesize the new cells & large amount of
Hb.
The substances are :
1. Metals : iron, manganese, cobalt
2. Vitamins : vit. B12, folate, vit.C, vit.E, vit.B6,
thiamine, riboflavin & pantothenic acid
3. Amino acid
4. Hormones : SCF, IL-3, GM-CSF, Epo,
GRANULOPOIESIS
Leucocyte or white cell refer to any of the
nucleated cells normally present in blood, whose
major function is defense against foreign invaders
Types of leucocytes :
nuclear or mononuclear)
locytes
Maturation stages
MYELOBLAST
PROMYELOCYTE
MYELOCYTE
METAMYELOCYTE
BAND FORM
Functions : ~ Chemotaxis ~
Cytotoxic activities : phagocytosis
and granule toxicity
Life span and circulation :
~ Transit time in blood for mature neutrophils :
1 day or less.
~ Probably survive 1-2 days in tissue.
~ N peripheral blood levels : 4.0 – 10 x 103/ul
2. EOSINOPHILS
Functions : ~ a first line
defense against parasites ~ modulate
hypersensitivity reactions ~ migrate to
inflammatory sites
Life span and circulation :
~ Usually exist in concentr. of 100-400/ul
in PB
~ BM maturation time : 2-6 days ,
circ. half life : 6 - 12 hours
3. Basophils and Mast cells
Functions : ~ involved in
immediately hypersensitivity
~ trigger anaphylactic degranulation
~ active arachidonic acid metabolites
(e.g..leukotrienes, prostaglandin)
Life span and circulation :
~ Basophils : about 1-2 days
~ Mast cells : present in blood only in pathologic
conditions. Murine studies : mast cells survive
several weeks to several month in tissue
4. MONOCYTES
Functions : Morphology :
~ Activating stimuli Monoblast
~ Chemotaxis
~ Phagocytosis Promonocytes
Monocytes
Life span :
4.5 – 10 hours (mean 8.5 h)
LYMPHOCYTOPOIESIS
There are three major functional classes of lymphocy-
tes : B lymphocytes (B cell), T lymphocytes (T cell)
and Natural Killer (NK cell)
Differentiation :
~ B - lymphocyte diff. in BM :
Early pre-B cell
pre B-cell
immature B cell
mature B celll
~ T-lymphocyte diff. in the thymus :
Mature T cell
Function :
~ B cell function : humoral immunity (i.e.,anti
body/immunoglobulins production)
Proliferation
CSF-Mega
Thrombopoietin (TP)
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