Reliability 101

APPA 2005 E&O Gregg Turbeville, PE

Technical Conference Supv, Distribution Planning
Memphis, TN Santee Cooper
April 19, 2005 Myrtle Beach, SC
 Reliability

General term that means

different things to different
utilities.

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 What is Reliability?
 Definition
 1. the trait of being dependable or
reliable (trustworthy, stable, unfailing)
WordNet ® 2.0, © 2003 Princeton University

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 What is Reliability?
 A subset of Power Quality
 Power Quality (sags, swells, transients, flicker,
harmonic distortion)
 Reliability: subset of power quality that
deals with customer interruptions.
 Availability - duration of interruptions
 Frequency of both sustained and
momentary
 Reliability Indices: calculated values based on
observed outage data for a set of loads,
customers, feeders, territories, etc.

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 IEEE 1366-2003

 IEEE 1366 is the IEEE Guide for Electric

Power Distribution Reliability Indices.
 present terms and definitions
 foster uniformity in development of indices
 identify factors which affect the indices
 aid in consistent reporting practices
 provide tools for internal and external
comparisons.

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 IEEE 1366-2003

 Started in 1992 as the IEEE Working

Group on Distribution Reliability
 IEEE 1366 issued in April 1999 as “Trial
Use Guide for Electric Power Distribution
Reliability Indices” [IEEE 1366-1998]
 Updated in 2001 as “Full Use Guide”
 Major revision issued in April 2004

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 Reliability Indices

What indices are you using to

track and benchmark?

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 Which indices are used?

 SAIDI > 80%

 SAIFI  80%
 CAIDI  70%
 ASAI  60%
 MAIFI  20%
 Others  20%
(CAIFI, CTAIDI, CEMI, CEMSMI)

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 SAIDI

 System Average Interruption

Duration Index

 Total duration of interruption for the average

customer

 =  Customer Interruption Durations

Total number of customers served

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 SAIDI example

 100 customers on the system

 14 customers experienced a 3-hour outage
 14 x 3 = 42 hours or 2520 minutes

 SAIDI = 2520 = 25.2

100
 Average of 25.2 minutes per customer

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 SAIFI

 System Average Interruption

Frequency Index

 How often the average customer experiences a

sustained interruption

 =  Total Number of Customers Interrupted

Total number of customers served

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 SAIFI example

 100 customers on the system

 60 customers had a sustained interruption

(or 30 customers had two interruptions: 30 x 2 = 60)

 SAIFI = 60 = 0.6
100

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 CAIDI

 Customer Average Interruption

Duration Index
 The average duration of interruptions per
customer that had an interruption

 The average time to restore service.

 =  Customer Interruption Durations

Total number of customers interrupted
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 CAIDI example

 100 customers on the system

 10 customers experienced a 40-minute outage
  Cust. Int. Duration = 400 minutes
 Total number of customers interrupted = 10
 CAIDI = 400 = 40
10
 Average of 40 minutes per interrupted
customer.

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 ASAI

 Average Service Availability Index

 The fraction of time (percentage) that a

customer has received power during the
reporting period.

 = Customer Hours Service Availability

Customer Hours Service Demands

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 ASAI example

 365 days x 24 hours/day = 8760 hours per year

 100 customers
 876,000 customer-hours
 44 customers experience a 60-minute outage (2640
customer-minutes, or 44 customer-hours)

 ASAI = 876,000 – 44 = 875,956 =

876,000 876,000

= .99995 or 99.995%

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 MAIFI

 Momentary Average Interruption

Frequency Index

 The average frequency of momentary interruptions.

 MAIFI =  Total No. of cust. momentary interruptions

Total number of customers served

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 MAIFI example

 100 customers on the system

(2 feeders, 50 customers each)
 50 customers had 12 momentary
interruptions; the other 50 customers
had 8 momentary interruptions.
(1 breaker had 12 operations; 1 breaker had 8)
 (50 x 12) + (50 x 8) = 600 + 400 = 1000
 MAIFI =1000 = 10.0
100

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 MAIFI continued

 MAIFI
 Two breaker operations followed by a
successful reclose: MAIFI=2

 MAIFIE - event MAIFI

 Two breaker operations followed by a
successful reclose: MAIFIE =1

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 Interesting (?) facts

 Relationship between ASAI and SAIDI.

 If you know one, you can calculate the

other.

 ASAI = Minutes per year – SAIDI min.

Minutes per year

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 Interesting (?) facts

 If resources are unlimited, can you set a

goal and successfully improve all your
indices?
 No…
 SAIDI =  Customer Interruption Durations
Total number of customers served

 SAIFI=  Total Number of Customers Interrupted

Total number of customers served

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 SAIDI =  Customer Interruption Durations
SAIFI Total number of customers served
 Total Number of Customers Interrupted
Total number of customers served

  Customer Interruption Duration = CAIDI

Total number of customers interrupted

 CAIDI = SAIDI
SAIFI
 SAIFI goes down, CAIDI goes UP.

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 Comparisons

Can you compare your utility’s

reliability to those located a
few states away?

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 Definitions

 Standard definitions may not be the

same as your utility’s definition or your
neighbor’s definition.

 Standard definitions may change or

evolve over time.

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 Loss of service

 1998 definition
The loss of electrical power, a complete
loss of voltage to one or more
customers.
 2003 definition
A complete loss of voltage on at least
one normally energized conductor to
one or more customers.

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 Distribution system

 The distribution system is generally considered

to be anything from the distribution substation
fence to the customer meter. Often the initial
overcurrent protection and voltage regulators
are within the substation fence…

 1998 - “period.”
 2003 - and are considered to be part of the
distribution system.

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 Number of customers

 Is this the
 A) average number of customers during the
reporting period, or
 B) the number of customers at the end of
the reporting period?
 1998 - total number at end
 2003 - average number

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 Momentary vs Sustained

 Utilities commonly use one minute,

three minutes, or five minutes.

 IEEE has referenced five minutes since

early days of the working group.

 We always used one minute, but

recently changed with 2003 standard.

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 Variations

 Level of automated data (connected

OMS model vs. estimated customer
count)

 System design, geography, weather,

maintenance, vegetation
management...

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 Exclusions

 Interruptions that occur as a result of

outages on customer-owned facilities or
loss of supply from another utility.
 Substation/transmission - upstream
of defined distribution system.
 Data classification exclusions
(major events? planned interruptions?)

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 Major Event Day

 Major Storm has now been redefined as major

event day (MED)
 Large variation between companies on how to
define a major storm. IEEE definitions changed
over time and were often not specific.
 The new method is a statistical approach using
previous five years of data.
 This has been considered by IEEE since 1992,
but not incorporated into standard until 2003
version.

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 Major Event Day
 Allows major events to be studied separately.
 Better reveals trends in daily operation that
would be hidden by impact of major events.
 Old methods had difficulties in creating a
uniform list of types of major events.
 extensive mechanical damage; widespread damage
 catastrophic event
 named stormed; NWS reference
 10% of customers interrupted
 Understandable, easy to apply, specific, fair
 Exclusions are based on each utility’s recent past
performance.

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 2.5 Beta Method

 Based on the
statistical principal of
standard deviation
().
 Beta is used because
 Natural log of data is
used
 Outage data only has
positive values.

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 MED – 2.5 Beta

 Daily SAIDI data for 5 years

Cluster plot

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 MED – 2.5 Beta

 Raw data and LN(data) - sorted

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 MED – 2.5 Beta

 LN(SAIDI) w/ “imaginary” component

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 Specific MED exclusions
Average Customer Customers Customer
Day of Year Customers Events Interrupted Mintues SAIDI Explanation
8/14/04 139838 1 80+ 65000 est. 12624618 90.2805 Hurricane Charley
8/29/04 139838 2 71 17196 2578012 18.4357 Hurricane Gaston
1/25/00 125894 3 48 6614 685353 5.4439 Snow storm Jan 2000
7/6/01 129093 4 50 7083 509688 3.9482 Myrtle Beach Tornado
1/26/04 139838 5 37 6308 504828 3.6101 Ice Storm of Jan 04
5/30/04 139838 6 16 3483 349126 2.4967 Wind related: Case 420740 and others: SRB, SRC, SRG, NCD
9/2/00 125894 7 7 1578 270180 2.1461 Dig-in on GBB: 1404 cust for 169 min; ACI excl, but it may have led to
prolonged breaker outage.
8/30/04 139838 8 17 2025 261819 1.8723 The day after Hurricane Gaston (new or re-opened cases)
1/3/02 131765 9 90 6036 235566 1.7878 Ice/Snow Tree/NP (Many outages)
4/9/03 135132 10 5 3099 222092 1.6435 Case 313295 ODF, ODG and CGC
12/20/03 135132 11 9 3966 206439 1.5277 CHE CHG CHH and WME outages
12/14/01 129093 12 7 2607 187210 1.4502 Case 15079 - event where vandal opened East Conway breakers
7/20/02 131765 13 13 2749 186210 1.4132 RPC, SSF, WMG outages. Two due to lightning.
8/25/02 131765 14 23 1150 183229 1.3906 48E (lightning) and STD (wind)
7/2/01 129093 15 39 2542 177524 1.3752 Lightning - many small events and WME lockout ( case 12085)
1/24/03 135132 16 39 3582 166065 1.2289 Famous cold day: many outages. All-time peak load, 16 degrees

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 Santee Cooper Reliability

 We have been tracking reliability data since

1989
 Early years used:
 Draft #2 of the IEEE working group (July 1992)
 IEEE 859-1987 – standard terms for reporting
transmission outages
 “Utilities need a standard measure of performance”
Electric World, Oct 1991
 Internal opinion
 Added to corporate goals (incentive) in 1996
 Migrated to IEEE standard over time

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 Santee Cooper data
 Date  Case#
 Time  Assigned To
 Area  Assigned Time
 Circuit ID  Repaired by
 Equipment type  Repaired Time
 Equipment #  Total customers
 # of customers  Length of outage
 Minutes  Customer outage time
 Customer-minutes  Transformer info
 Cause  Comments
 Outage (forced/planned)  Repair Action
 Isolating Equipment  Reliability Y/N
 Damaged Equipment
 Type (OH/UG)

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 Santee Cooper data

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 OMS Improvement

 More accurate customer counts

 Outage times tracked more accurately
 grouping customers into outages
 restoration times for those outages
 Accurate, real-time statistics
 Better data for reporting and decision making
 Reliability statistics may go down, although
“real” reliability should improve due to device
prediction and efficient dispatch

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 Monthly Reliability Report

Reliability Report for the Month of December 2004

TOTAL TOT CUST TOTAL SAIFI SAIDI TOTAL AVERAGE
TOTAL # OF CUSTS INTERRUPT INTERRUPT Actual Actual AVERAGE INTERRUPT
INTERRUPTS AFFECTED TIME DURATION (freq) (min) CAIDI CUSTS DURATION MAIFI ASAI
ALL DISTRIBUTION 1974 89453 3614920 120207 0.64 25.85 40.41 139838 60.90 10.39 99.9951%
ALL DISTRIBUTION (all events) 2450 131198 7188130 171970 0.94 51.40 54.79 139838 70.19 10.39 99.9902%
CON (year to date) 419 16727 905076 23530 0.90 48.62 54.11 18614 56.16 17.69 99.9908%
NMB (year to date) 376 22492 730548 22156 0.70 22.62 32.48 32291 58.93 9.56 99.9957%
MB (year to date) 519 28776 990535 30537 0.67 23.20 34.42 42701 58.84 8.31 99.9956%
GC (year to date) 418 16669 771413 28527 0.42 19.48 46.28 39600 68.25 9.14 99.9963%
BER (year to date) 242 4789 217348 15457 0.72 32.77 45.39 6632 63.87 14.84 99.9938%
MONTHLY FOR ALL DIST 97 5770 182759 6122 0.04 1.29 31.67 141521 63.11 0.37 99.9971%
MONTHLY FOR CONWAY 14 212 10591 783 0.01 0.56 49.96 18961 55.93 0.32 99.9987%
MONTHLY FOR NMB 27 2796 85563 1776 0.09 2.62 30.60 32675 65.78 0.44 99.9941%
MONTHLY FOR MB 23 1743 42317 1813 0.04 0.98 24.28 43061 78.83 0.26 99.9978%
MONTHLY FOR GC 19 396 31480 1099 0.01 0.79 79.50 40121 57.84 0.42 99.9982%
MONTHLY FOR BER 14 623 12808 651 0.09 1.91 20.56 6703 46.50 0.43 99.9957%

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 ASAI Graph
ASAI for All Distribution for 2003

100

99.998

99.996

99.994

99.992
2003 All Dist
Percent

2003 Con
99.99
2003 NMB
99.988 2003 MB

2003 GC
99.986
2003 Berk

99.984 Goal
99.995%

99.982
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

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 Animal Related Stats
2004 Animal Related Outages Jan

Feb
25
Mar
Apr
20
May

Jun
15
Jul

10 Aug

Sep

5 Oct

Nov

0 Dec
BER CON MB NMB GC

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 Specific Analysis
Transformer fuse / Animal Analysis

800 100.0%

90.0%
700
80.0% Number of animal
600 outages
70.0%
500 60.0%

400 50.0% Number of Animal

Outages where
40.0%
300 Transformer Fuse
30.0% was the Isolating
200 Equipment
20.0% Percentage
100 10.0%
0 0.0%
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

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 Customer-Minutes per
Failed Equipment

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 Santee Cooper uses
 Target for Distribution Services within the Corporate
Goals program. (ASAI=99.995%)
 Line crew service centers have a target goal of outage
time not to exceed 68 minutes.
 MAIFI data is used for circuit patrol (>5).
 Composite index = (SAIDI) + (SAIFI) + (MAIFI) is
used to rank circuits for overhead and underground
maintenance.
where  = [weight, index, index target]

• Damage claim research.

• Future uses will center around Reliability Planning
where more detailed analysis of circuits will recommend
more specific actions for underperforming circuits.

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 Adopt a standard

 IEEE 1366
 Other state or PUC standard may apply.
 Helps maintain consistency and is based on
best practices
 Gives you “solid ground” to stand on when
results and performance are questioned
 Best chance in allowing you to compare
yourself to other utilities.

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 References

 IEEE Std 1366-2003

IEEE Guide for Electric Power Distribution
Reliability Indices
 http://standards.ieee.org
 $63 ($52) softcover, $55 ($45) PDF

 Electric Power Distribution Reliability,

Richard Brown, ABB, Marcel Dekker Inc,
2002

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 Reliability 101

 Questions?

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