OTC000003 WDM Principle ISSUE1.23

WDM Principle
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2008Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Foreword
 With the development of telecommunication, the
requirements of the transmission capacity and
service categories are becoming bigger and bigger,
under this background, WDM technology emerged.
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

 Describe the concepts, transmission modes and
structure of WDM;
 Classify the different types and characteristics of the
fiber;
 Outline the key technologies of WDM system;
 List the technical specifications for WDM system.
Contents
1. WDM Overview
2. Transmission Media
3. Key Technologies
4. Technical Specifications
How to increase network capacity ？
 WDM
 Economical &
 TDM Mature &
 STM-16→ STM-64 Quick
 SDM
 Cost &
 Add fiber &
Complication
equipment
 Time & cost
Solution of capacity
expansion
What's WDM ？
Gas Station
Free Way
Patrol Car
WDM Concept
 Different signals with specific wavelength are

multiplexed into a fiber for transmission.
1 1 2 n
SDH signal
IP package 2 ┉
ATM cells
┋
n
System Structure
 The overall structure of the WDM system of N-path wavelength:
 Optical Transponder Unit (OTU)
 Optical Multiplexer Unit / Optical De-multiplexer Unit (OMU/OD
U)
 Optical Amplifier (OA)
 Supervisory Channel (OSC/ESC)
OTU OTU
O O
M A
OTU / OLA / OTU
O O
A D
OTU OTU
OSC OSC OSC
Transmission Modes
 Single fiber unidirectional transmission
MUX DMUX
M
O 4 O
0
T 0 T
U U
4
M
Transmission Modes
 Single fiber bidirectional transmission
MUX/DMU DMUX/MUX
X
M
O 4 O
0
T 0 T
U U
4
M
Application Modes
 Open System
MUX DMUX
M
O 4 O
0
T 0 T
U 4
U
M
Client Client
Application Modes
 Integrated System
MUX DMUX
M
4
0 0
4
M
Client Client
Advantages of WDM
 Ultra high capacity

 Data transparency transmission
 Long haul transmission
 Compatible with existing optical fibers
 High performance-to-cost ratio
 High networking flexibility, economy and reliability
 Smooth expansion
CWDM Vs DWDM
CWDM:
 Coarse Wavelength Division
Multiplex
DWDM:
 Dense Wavelength Division
ITU-T G.694.1 Extended C band 192chs, 25GHz
Multiplex
spacing
C band 160chs Extende
d 32chs
196.05THz 192.125THz 192.05THz 191.275THz
Questions
 What are WDM, DWDM and CWDM?
 Difference between the two transmission modes
 Difference between the two application modes
 List the structure of the WDM system.
Summary
 Basic concepts and features of WDM, DWDM and

CWDM;
 WDM system structure ;
 Transmission and application Modes of WDM system;
Contents
1. WDM Overview
3. Key Technologies
Structure of Optical Fiber
 Consists of a cylindrical glass core, a glass cladding
and a plastic wear-resisting coating.
Refraction
n2 Cladding
θ
Reflection n1 Core
Coating
Attenuation
dB/km
Multi-mode
5
O E S C L U
4 band
3
OH-
（
2
850~900nm
1
nm
）900 1200 130014001500 1600 1700
Dispersion
 Chromatic dispersion:
Power
Optical
pulses
Transmitting Transmitting
L1 (km) L2 (km)
Time
Dispersion
G.652:widely used, G.653: Zero dispersion
need dispersion at 1550nm window.
compensation for high
rate transmission
Dispersion
coefficient
17ps/nm.km G.655
¦ Ë
1310nm
1550nm
G.655: Little dispersion

to avoid FWM.
Dispersion Compensation
 The pulse will be broadened because of
 Positive dispersion coefficient at 1550nm window
 DCF has negative dispersion coefficient and can

counteract positive dispersion in transmission.
Dispersion
Coefficient G.652
wavelength
Normal DCF
DSCF: Dispersion Slope

Compensation Fiber
Questions
 What’s difference between the refractive index of the
cladding and core?
 What are the features of G.652, G.653 and G.655 fibers?
 How to compensate the chromatic dispersion?
Summary
 Structure of optical fiber
 Types of optical fiber
 Characteristics of optical fiber
Contents
1. WDM Overview
3. Key Technologies
WDM System Key Technologies
 Optical Source
 Optical
Multiplexer and
Demultiplexer
Key Tech. in
WDM
 Optical Amplifier
 Supervisory
Technologies
Requirements of Optical Source
1 Larger dispersion tolerance value
2 Standard and stable wavelength
Direct modulator
LD
Modulation current
Electro-Absorption (EA) external
modulator
LD EA
DC
current drive ITU ¦ Ë
Modulation current
Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) external
modulator
Modulation current
LD
DC current ITU ¦ Ë
drive
Comparison of Modulators
Types Direct Modulator EA Modulator M-Z Modulator
Max. dispersion tol >12800

1200~4000 7200~12800
eration (ps/nm)
Cost moderate expensive very expensive

Wavelength
good better best
Stability
Optical Amplifiers
EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
RFA Raman Fiber Amplifier
O
A
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
E3 excited state
Decay
1550nm E2 meta-stable state

signal light
Stimulated radiation
1550nm
signal light
980nm
pump light
E1 ground state
 Er3+ energy level diagram
Structure of EDFA
Signal input ISO Coupler ISO Signal Output

TAP TAP
EDF
Pumping laser
PD PD
ISO: Isolator
PD: Photon Detector
Features of EDFA
Advantages
… Disadvantages
…
 Consistent with the low att

Fixed gain range
enuation window Gain un-flatness

 High energy conversion effi Optical surge problem
ciency
 High gain with little cros
s-talk
 Good gain stability
Automatic Gain Control
λ1~ λn
λ1~ λn Gai
n
EDF
Pin A Pout
Gain no
change!
Gain = Pout / Pin is invariable

Input Power: Pin coupler EDF Output Power:
Pout
splitter pump splitter
PIN PIN
DSP
Raman Fiber Amplifier
 Stimulated Raman Scattering
Gain
Pump
30nm
13THz
Gain
Pump1
Pump2
Pump3
30nm
70~100nm
Features of Raman
Advantages
… Disadvantages
…
 Flexible gain wavelength

High pump power, low e
fficiency and high cost;
 Simple structure
Components & fiber und
 Nonlinear effect can be red
ertake the high power;
uced;
 Low noise
Application of OA
OTU OTU
M M M MD
4
U OA OA4 OA4 4M
0
X 0 0 0U
OTU X OTU
Booster amplifier Line Amplifier Pre-amplifier
Optical Multiplexer and
Demultiplexer
TFF Thin Film Filter
AWG Arrayed Waveguide Grating
λ1 λ1 λ2 λn λ1 λ2 λn λ1
λ2
λ2
λn
λn
Multiplexer Demultiplexer
Thin Film Filter
λ 1- λ 4 λ filter
1
Self-focusing lens
λ 1
λ 3 fil
λ 2
ter
λ 3
λ 4 Glass
Arrayed Waveguide Grating
Arrayed of waveguides 1…n
λ1
λ1,λ2… λn λn
Arrayed of fibers
Supervisory Technologies
OSC Optical Supervisory Channel

Technology
ESC Electrical Supervisory Channel

Technology
Optical Supervisory Channel
 Requirements:
 Operating wavelength should be different from the
pumping wavelength of OA.
 Operating wavelength should not take 1310nm
window.
 Available when OA fails;
 Suitable for long distance transmission.
OSC OSC
F F
OTU1 I I OTU1
S S
0
OTU2
M U U
C 4 OTU2 C
4 C
C OTU3 M OTU3
0
OTU4 OTU4
Typical frame structure of OSC
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 …… TS1 TS1 TS1 …… TS31

4 5 6
TS0 FA TS17 F2 byte
TS1 E1 byte TS18 F3 byte
TS2 F1 byte TS19 E2 byte
Other Reserve
TS14 ALC byte
s d
TS3-TS13,
D1-D12 bytes
TS15
Electrical Supervisory Channel
 Features:
 Simple structure & cost saving
 Redundancy supported
 Improve power budget
 Reduce system complexity
S OTU1 0 OTU1 S
OTU2
M
C 4 OTU2 C
4
C OTU3 M OTU3 C
0
OTU4 OTU4
Questions
 What is the mechanism of electro-absorption modulation?
 How many types of multiplexer are there used for WDM?
 What is the difference between EDFA and Raman?
 What are the working wavelength and bit rate of OSC
signal?
Summary
 Optical source
 Optical amplifier
 Optical multiplexer
 Supervisory technologies
Contents
1. WDM Overview
3. Key Technologies
Related ITU-T
recommendations
 G.652 Characteristics of a single-mode optical fiber cable
 G.655 Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted SMF
 G.661/G.662/G.663 Relevant recommendations of OA
 G.671 Characteristics of passive optical components
 G.957 Optical interfaces relating to SDH system
 G.691 Optical interfaces for single channel STM-64, STM-256 systems
and other SDH systems with OA

 G.692 Optical interfaces for multi-channel systems with OA
 G.709 Interfaces for the optical transport network (OTN)
 G.975 Forward error correction for submarine systems (FEC)
Transmission Channel Reference
Points
Distribution of Optical Wavelength
Areas
 Nominal central frequency refers to the central wavelength
corresponding to each channel in WDM systems. Channel
frequency allowed in G.692 is based on frequency and
spacing series of reference frequency 193.1THz and
minimum spacing 100GHz , 50GHz or 25GHz.
Questions
 Which are the ITU-T recommendations involved for
WDM part?
 What is the absolute reference frequency for WDM
systems?
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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WDM Principle

Copyright © 2008Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 With the development of telecommunication, the

requirements of the transmission capacity and

service categories are becoming bigger and bigger,

under this background, WDM technology emerged.

 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

 Different signals with specific wavelength are

OSC OSC OSC

 Single fiber unidirectional transmission

 Single fiber bidirectional transmission

 Ultra high capacity

 What are WDM, DWDM and CWDM?

 Difference between the two transmission modes

 Difference between the two application modes

 List the structure of the WDM system.

 Basic concepts and features of WDM, DWDM and

 WDM system structure ;

 Transmission and application Modes of WDM system;

G.655: Little dispersion

 DCF has negative dispersion coefficient and can

DSCF: Dispersion Slope

 What are the features of G.652, G.653 and G.655 fibers?

 How to compensate the chromatic dispersion?

 Structure of optical fiber

 Types of optical fiber

 Characteristics of optical fiber

1 Larger dispersion tolerance value

2 Standard and stable wavelength

Types Direct Modulator EA Modulator M-Z Modulator

Max. dispersion tol >12800

Cost moderate expensive very expensive

EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier

RFA Raman Fiber Amplifier

1550nm E2 meta-stable state

 Er3+ energy level diagram

Signal input ISO Coupler ISO Signal Output

 Consistent with the low att

enuation window Gain un-flatness

Gain = Pout / Pin is invariable

 Flexible gain wavelength

Booster amplifier Line Amplifier Pre-amplifier

TFF Thin Film Filter

AWG Arrayed Waveguide Grating

Arrayed of waveguides 1…n

OSC Optical Supervisory Channel

ESC Electrical Supervisory Channel

TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 …… TS1 TS1 TS1 …… TS31

TS0 FA TS17 F2 byte

TS1 E1 byte TS18 F3 byte

TS2 F1 byte TS19 E2 byte

 How many types of multiplexer are there used for WDM?

 What is the difference between EDFA and Raman?

 What are the working wavelength and bit rate of OSC

and other SDH systems with OA

 Which are the ITU-T recommendations involved for

 What is the absolute reference frequency for WDM

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