MEMBACA EFEKTIF

Muhaimin Ramdja
BLOK 1
Membaca: mengerikan dan bikin
pusing
• Mahasiswa, banyak sekali yang harus dibaca
• Tidak mungkin selesai
• Semester 1 beli buku, belum dibaca hingga S. Ked

• Active reader:
• Asking question what you need to find out
• Taking a strategic and critical approach
• Selecting reading material that relate to your question and task
Masuk Universitas: Mahasiswa
• Most courses involve a great deal of reading
• You need to learn new technique to manage workload

• What will I be expected to read for?

• Kuliah (IT): pre-reading, supaya hadir di kelas tidak “kosong” sama
sekali
• Tutorial: ikut tutorial tanpa membaca bahan terlebih dahulu, you will
not be able to participate in goup discussion
• Tugas (assignment): you can’t write your assignment until you have
done the necessary research

• The aim of most your reading will be to seek information related to an

assignment or course material
Gue baca Harry Potter nih!
Sama ngga dengan baca buku2
Universitas?
• While you might start reading a novel on page one and read every
single word until you reach the end
• This wouldn’t be effective approach to take with academic reading

• To get the most out of academic reading and to use your time
effectively, you need to take a strategic approach
I have a reading list: am I expected
to read everything on it?

• You don’t have to feel lost

• Only rarely will you be expected to to read absolutely everything
• Don’t hesitate to take strategic approach and be selective
Tips for active reading
• Reading at university=reading with a purpose

• Horee...sukses jadi Dokter nih!

• Sebelum itu:
• Completing demands and deadlines
• You need to get the most of your reading in the limited time available
• Before you begin, make sure you have identified:
• 1. the purpose of doing reading
• 2. what you need to achieve
Always read with purpose in mind
• Before you begin, you should have an idea of why you are reading and
what you are looking for
• Are you reading:
• To locate specific information?
• To understand difficult ideas?
• To an overview of something?
• To enjoy words and descriptions (as in poetry)?
• To relax and escape into a novel
• Read to get a broad idea of what an article might be about
• Read to understand a complex and detailed concept

• For the first: you might use previewing

• For the second: intensive or critical reading

• Why you are reading something (what you need to achieve) will
determine the way you read for it (which reading strategies to use)
How to select?
• Know what you are looking for
• Identify key words to help you search
• Look for this key words when browsing the table of contents and
index of a book for relevant pages
• Obtain an overview to further narrow down the possibly useful field
Focus on the question/task

• Ask yourself what it is you must find out. Identify question you want
to answer, actively look for those answer and evidence to inform
them
• Identify a few topic key words to look for
• If you are reading for specific assignment, read with a copy of the
question/task on hand so you don’t waste your time reading
irrelevant material
Before you read, establish what you
already know
• Any prior knowledge of a topic you reading about, and linking new
material with your past experience will help you read more effctively
• Tanya, apa yang saya sudah tahu
• Jika punya daftar bacaan, select a source that might offer a good
starting point
• Jika topik bacaan sama sekali belum dikenal, mulailah dari
pendahuluan dan BACA PELAN-PELAN
• Baca semua pertanyaan yang menyangkut bahan bacaan. Pertanyaan-
pertanyaan biasanya ada di bagian akhir bab (assignment question)
• Bangun sebuah dugaan, kira-kira bahan bacaan ini tentang apa
• Ask yourself about the topic. Change the title, headings and
subheadings into questions or ask yourself what you want to find out
• You will remember more if you read with question in your mind,
rather than adopting the ‘sponge’ approach—simply trying to absorb
everything
Break reading into manageable
segments
If you are finding reading overwhelming, break the reading up into
manageable segments (chapter, individual article, a specific number
of pages)
• Identify your purpose and the time available
• Set yourself a goal
• Reward yourself with break when you’ve completed it
• The tasks and goals maybe large or small, depending on what need to
be achieved
Keep track of what you read
• Always note where information and ideas come from. Record details
of the author, the place of publication, publisher and date, so you can
find the text again if necessary. Always record page numbers with any
notes you take
Reading Strategies
• Active readers use reading strategies to help save time and cover a lot
of ground. Your purpose for reading should determine which strategy
or strategies to use
1. Previewing the text to get an
overview
• What is it? Mendapatkan bayangan kira-kira apa isi teks, tanpa
membaca teks secara keseluruhan
• When to use it? Untuk menentukan apakah buku teks atau journal
bermanfaat sebagai sumber informasi
• Mendapatkan gambaran umum tentang struktur teks
• Membantu melokalisir informasi penting
• Membantu menentukan bagian-bagian yang harus dibaca dan bagian-bagian
yang dapat dilewatkan
• Untuk preview, mulailah dengan membaca:
• Judul dan siapa pengarangnya
• Abstract (jika ada)
• Bacalah: judul utama, subjudul, ringkasan bab, dan teks yang ditulis huruf
tebal atau hurup miring
• Simak setiap gambar, grafik, tabel atau diagram dan judul-judulnya
• Judul biasanya merupakan intisari dari teks yang panjang
2. Skimming
• What is it? Skimming involves running your eyes very quickly over
large chunk of text
• Berbeda dari Previewing, Skimming melibatkan teks paragraf
• Skimming memungkinkan kita untuk mendapatkan “main idea”
without paying attention to detail. It is a fast process. A single chapter
should take only a few minute
When to use Skimming: to quickly locate relevant section from a large
quantity of written material. Especially useful when there are few
headings or graphic elements to gain an overview of a text
How to skim:
• Note any bold print and graphics
• Start at the beginning of the reading and glide your eyes over the text
very quickly
• Don’t actually read the text in total. You may read a few words of
every paragraph, perhaps the first and the last sentences
• Always familiarize yourself with the reading material by gaining and
overview and/or skimming before reading in detail
3. Scanning
• What is it? Scanning is sweeping your eyes (like radar) over part of a
text to find specific pieces of information

• When to use it? To quickly locate specific information from large

quantity of written material
• After gaining overview and skimming identify the section(s) of the
text that you probably need to read
• Start scanning the text by allowing your eyes (or finger) to move
quickly over a page
• As soon as you your eyes catches an important word or phrase, stop
reading
• When you locate information requiring attention, you then slow down
to read the relevant section more throughly
• Scanning and skimming are no substitutes for THROUGH READING,
and should only be used to locate material quickly
4. Intensive reading

• What is it? Intensive reading is detailed, focused, study reading of

those important parts, pages or chapter
• When to use it? When you have previewed an article and used the
techniques of skimming and scanning to find what you need to
concentrate on, then you can slow down and do intensive reading
How to read intensively
• Start at the beginning. Underline any unfamiliar words or phrases, but
do not stop the flow of your reading
• If the text is relatively easy, underline, highlight or make brief notes
• If the text is difficult, read it through at least once, before making
notes
• Be alert to the main ideas. Each paragraph should have a main idea,
often contained in the topic sentence (usually the first sentence) or
the last sentence
• When you have finished go back to the unfamiliar
vocabulary. Look it up in an ordinary or subject-
specific dictionary. If the meaning of a word or
passage still evades you, leave it and read on.
Perhaps after more reading you will find it more
accessible and the meaning will become clear

• Write down the bibliographic information and be sure

to record page numbers
5. Critical Reading

• Being critical in an academic context does not mean simply criticising

or ‘finding fault’
• It means understanding how ideas have been arrived at, and
evaluating their strength and weaknesses.
• Here are some of the main features of critical reading:
• Recognising the writer’s purpose and underlying values (social,
cultural and hisrorical influences)
• Recognising patterns of the argument
• Linking ideas in the text to other ideas and texts
• Exploring alternatives to the stated idea
• Recognising the assumptions and underlying values that you bring to
your reading
Being ACTIVE reader means being a CRITICAL reader. The purpose of
critical reading is to gain deeper understanding of the material. It
involves reading in depth and actively questioning what you read.
Some questions you should ask yourself whille reading are below:
Asking question as you read
1. The author’s purpose
-why has the author written the material? For whom is it intended?
-what theoretical perspective has the author taken
-how does this perspective relate other material in the field?
2. Content
-what is the main theme, thesis or argument
-what main points are used to support the main
points
-do the main ideas well research and accurate? Is the
evidence correct (as far as you know)?
-which aspect of the topic has the author chosen to
concentrate on and which to omit?
3. Structure
-what is the framework used to organise the
material? Is it clearly explained?
-how is the theme/thesis/argument reflected in the
structure?
-how is the content organised and developed within
the framework?
-How does the conclusion relate to the introduction
and the rest of the material?
4. Style and format
-in what style has the material been written?
For example is it formal or informal, simple or complex, didactic or
persuasive, narrative, analytical?
-how doesthe style and format influence your reaction to the
material?
6. Reading to Remember
• The SQ3R Method of Study Reading is one of the core activities of
study
• You need to be able to understand what you read and to be able to
recall the main ideas when you need them
• You can use the SQ3R method to help you remember a reading for
tutorials, seminars or to revise for exam
• S=Survey
• Before you start to read survey the material to gain an overview of
the contents
• Approach a reading by scanning the title(s), subheading, and any
summaries and abstracts
• Doing this will help you gain an idea or topic of the piece
• You may also find that you get some idea of the author’s position
• Q=Question
• Your reading will be memorable if you question the material
1. Ask yourself what the lecturer/tutor say about the chapter or
subject
2. Devise question that will guide your reading:
• Think about specific question that you need to.
• Read any focus questions at the end of the reading
• If there are headings in the material, turn the headings into question
• 3. Make a list of your question. You will use them during revision to
help you remember you have read
• R1=Reading
• Be prepared to read twice. First, read without making notes
1. Look for the author’s plan. Read any headings, abstract or summaries. This
will give you an idea of the main thesis
2. Look for answer to the question you first raised
3. Compare diagrams and illustrations with the written text
4. Make sure you understand what you are reading. Reduce your reading
speed for difficult passages
5. If you have difficulty understanding a text, look up difficult words in the
dictionary or glossary of term and reread. If the meaning of a word or
passage still evades you, leave it and read on. Perhaps after more reading
you will find it clear and more accessible
• 6. Question the author’s reasoning. Is each point justified? Is there enough
evidence? What is it?
• 7. Use personal experience as memory aid. When the author makes a claim,
reflect on your own experience to support or disprove it. This will help you
remember and understand. But keep in mind that you using personal
experience only as memory aid. It is not sufficient to prove or refute a
research finding
• On your second reading, begin to take notes:
1. Note down the main idea(s) of each paragraph. This is often the first or last
sentence
2. Look for important details (supporting evidence, written illustration).
Examples can be good cues for your memory
3. Take notes from the text, but write information in your own words
4. In your notes, underline or highlight the important points. This will be
useful for later revision
• R2=Recall
• You should now recall what you have read
1. 1. Close the book
2. Makes notes of what you remember
3. Check their accuracy against the notes you made during your reading
4. Return to the reading. Read one section at a time and try to recall what you
have read. It can also be helpful to recite ideas aloud to help you remember
• R3=Review
• Now Review what you have read.
• At the end of your study period check the accuracy of your notes against the
original material (if you have underlinethe main points, this should be
simple).
• This is an important part of the process because it can really help you
remember what you have studied
Keesokan Harinya:
1. Read through your notes to reacquaint yourself with the main
points
2. Now read through the questions you noted down and try to answer
them from memory
3. Try doing the same thing after a few days

Periodically reviewing notes will help you at exam time. The more you
revise throughout semester, the less you will need to cram during
exam periods