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Signals
e-t
et
t t
t = -1 : 0.01 : 1; t = -1 : 0.01 : 1;
e1 = exp(t); e2 = exp(-t);
plot(t, e1) plot(t, e2) 2-4
Exponential Signal Properties
• Real-valued exponential signals
Amplitude values are always non-negative
Might decay or not as t goes to infinity
0 if a 0
lim e at 1 if a 0
t
if a 0
• Complex-valued exponential signals
e j cos( ) j sin( ) e j e j 2 cos( )
e j cos( ) j sin( ) e j e j 2 j sin( )
Sifting
g (t ) (t ) dt g (0) P (t )
1 t
tri
1
provided g(t) is defined at t = 0
1 t lim P t
Scaling: (at ) dt if a 0 0
a
t
• Note that (0) is undefined
Area lim 1
0 2-7
Dirac Delta Functional
• Generalized sifting, assuming that a > 0
1 if a T a
a
a (t T ) dt
0 if T a or T a
Answer: 0
• What about at origin?
• What about?
t dt ?
0
t t T dt ?
0
By substitution of variables, t dt 0
t T t dt T
0
t dt 1
2-9
Unit Step Function
• Models event that turns on and stays on
• Definition 0 t 0
u (t ) d ? t 0
t
du
t
t 0 dt
1
• What happens at the origin for u(t)?
u(0-) = 0 and u(0+) = 1, but u(0) can take any value
Textbook uses u(0) = ½ to average left and right hand limits
Impulse invariance filter design uses u(0) = ½
L. B. Jackson, “A correction to impulse invariance,” IEEE Signal
Processing Letters, vol. 7, no. 10, Oct. 2000, pp. 273-275.
comb t
(1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
t t
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
t = -3 : 0.01 : 3;
r = t .* stepfun(t,0);
plot(t, r) 2-11
Sinc Function
sin t
sinc t
t
How to compute sinc(0)?
As t 0, numerator and
denominator are both going
to 0. How to handle it?
n
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 2-15
Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Signals
Sinusoidal signal in • Discrete-time frequency
continuous time 0 2
f0
in rad/sample
fs
y (t ) A cos 2 f 0 t
Given integers N and L with
Sample using sampling common factors removed,
period Ts discrete-time
sinusoid has f0 N
y[n] y (n Ts ) A cos 2 f 0 Ts n fs
L
period L if
Substitute Ts = 1 / fs, • Example: singing a tone
fs is sampling rate, during cell phone call
f f 0 1000 Hz 1
y[n] A cos 2 0 n
fs f s 8000 Hz 8 2-16