18.

3 Inheritance
 Genetic Terminology
• Monohybrid cross - cross
involving a single trait e.g. flower
color
• Alleles - different forms of a gene
(dominant & recessive)
 Alleles: B b

Alleles are Different versions of the

same gene,
They cause variation in the trait Heterozygous alleles
expressed.
– example : black or white coat colour ,
b b B B
short or long tail.
There are two alleles for every trait on
each of the homologues.
The cell is homozygous for that trait if
the alleles are identical. It is described Homozygous alleles
as true( pure) breed.
If the alleles on the homologues are
different , they are described as
heterozygous for that trait. – It is
described as hybrid.
 Genetic Terminology
 Genotype – The gene combination for a trait
present on the homologues (e.g. RR, Rr, rr)

 Phenotype - the physical feature- trait

resulting from a genotype (e.g. red, white)
 Check your learning …
1) Describe the genotypes given The first two are already done.

A. DD homozygous, dominant D. ss ______________________

B. Dd _heterozygous E. Yy ______________________
C. dd __________________ F. WW ____________________
 
2) . In humans, brown eye color (B), is dominant over blue eye color (b). What are the
phenotypes of the following genotypes? In other words, what color eyes will they
have?
A. BB ________________________
B. bb ________________________
C. Bb ________________________
 
 Generation
• Parental P1 Generation = the parental
generation in a breeding experiment.
• F1 generation = the first-generation offspring in
a breeding experiment. (1st filial generation)
– From breeding individuals from the P1
generation
• F2 generation = the second-generation
offspring in a breeding experiment.
(2nd filial generation)
– From breeding individuals from the F1
generation
 Revise Genetic terms…..
• … with housie.
You are provided with housie sheets having a
few Genetics terms.
The description of the terms is displayed on the
interactive board.
If it matches the words on your sheet, write the
letter corresponding to the term in your sheet.
Report to the teacher for first five , first row and
complete sheet.
 Monohybrid Inheritance
• Inheritance of a single trait is described as Monohybrid
Inheritance
 Monohybrid Inheritance -
• Open the link below to learn monohybrid
inheritance
• http://www.siskiyous.edu/class/bio1/geneti
cs/monohybrid_v2.html

• Let’s revise
• http://www.siskiyous.edu/class/bio1/geneti
cs/monohybrid_v2.html
 Punnett Square
Used to help solve
genetics problems
 The Punnett Square
We can use the Punnett Square to work out the probability of
the different genotypes and phenotypes in a genetic cross
Step 1: Write down the genotypes of the parents.

x = Rr x Rr

Step 2: Write down the genotypes of the gametes that

each parent produces.
pollen Egg
cells

= R+r = R+r
Step 3: Draw your Punnett Square
Egg cells

Step 4: Write the genotype R r

of the different gametes
into your Punnett Square
R RR R r

Pollen
Step 5: Write in the
different ways in which the r rR rr
gametes can be combined…

…this shows you the

possible genotypes of the
Genotypes of
offspring offspring
Probability of Genotypes
Egg cells
There are four possible ways to
combine egg cells and pollen R r
Count up how many times
each genotype appears in R RR R r

Pollen
the Punnet Square – this
gives you its probability: r rR rr
Probability of RR is… ¼ = 25 %
Probability of Rr is…
2
4 = ½ = 50 % The ratio of
Probability of rr is… ¼ = 25 % RR : Rr : rr is…
1:2:1
 Probability of Phenotypes
Egg cells
Look at the genotypes of the
offspring in your Punett Square… R r
…decide which phenotype
each one should produce. R RR R r

Pollen
Count up how many times
each phenotype appears in r rR rr
the Punnet Square – this
gives you its probability:

Probability of round is… ¾ = 75 % The ratio of

round : wrinkled is…
Probability of wrinkled is… ¼ = 25 %
3:1
 P1 Monohybrid Cross
• Trait: Seed Shape
• Phenotype: Round X Wrinkled
• Genotype: RR X rr
• Gametes: R X r
Genotype: Rr
r r
Phenotype:
Phenotype Round
R Rr Rr Genotypic
Ratio: 100% Rr
R Rr Rr Phenotypic
Ratio: 100% Round
 P1 Monohybrid Cross Review
 Homozygous dominant x Homozygous
recessive
 Offspring all Heterozygous (hybrids)
 Offspring called F1 generation
 Genotypic & Phenotypic ratio is ALL
ALIKE
 F1 Monohybrid Cross
• Phenotype: Round X Round
• Genotype: Rr X Rr
• Gametes: R r X R r
R r Genotype: RR, Rr, rr
Phenotype:
Phenotype Round &
R RR Rr wrinkled
G.Ratio: RR:Rr:rr
= 1:2:1
r Rr rr P.Ratio: 3round:1wrinkled
We can show the likeliness or probability of different
genotypes in different ways:

1. As a percentage - Probability of RR is… 25%

Probability of Rr is… 50%
Probability of rr is… 25%

2. As a fraction - Probability of RR is… ¼

Probability of Rr is… ½
Probability of rr is… ¼

3. As a ratio - RR : Rr : rr = 1 : 2 : 1
 F1 Monohybrid Cross Review
 Heterozygous x heterozygous
 Offspring:
25% Homozygous dominant RR
50% Heterozygous Rr
25% Homozygous Recessive rr
 Offspring called F2 generation
 Genotypic ratio is 1:2:1
 Phenotypic Ratio is 3:1
 Review
• . A heterozygous male, black eyed mouse
is crossed with a red eyed, female mouse.
Predict the possible offspring using a
punnet square.
 Set up the Punnet squares for each of the crosses listed
below. Round seeds are dominant to wrinkled seeds.

RR x rr    
G Ratio:
Homozygous dominant X
homozygous recessive    
P Ratio:

RR x Rr G Ratio:
   
P Ratio
   

Rr x Rr    
G Ratio:
   
P Ratio

Rr x rr     G Ratio:
    P Ratio
 Practice Questions
In humans, albinism is controlled by a single recessive gene, c, and normal pigmentation by the
dominant allele, C.
1. What would be the phenotype of the following genotypes?
a. CC                                    b. Cc                                      c. cc
2. Suppose CC mates with cc. What would be the expected phenotypes and genotypes and
their relative frequencies on the assumption that many children are produced?
3. Suppose Cc mates with cc. What would be the expected phenotypes and genotypes, and
their relative frequency, if many children were produced? Suppose two albino children had
been produced. What is the chance the next will be albino?
  4. Suppose Cc mates with Cc. What would be the expected phenotypes and genotypes, and
their relative frequency, if many children were produced.
5. Suppose Cc mates with Cc. What would be the expected phenotypes and genotypes, and
their relative frequency, if many children were produced.
  6. Albinia and Smudgia are neighboring kingdoms. The ratio of albinos to normally pigmented
individuals in both kingdoms is about the same. The inhabitants of Albinia, influenced by
race propaganda, decide that the only “true Albinian” is one who is albino, and set out to
produce a pure albino population by mandatory sterilization of non-albinos.
The nationalists of Smudgia, on the other hand, react by enacting similar sterilization laws
aimed at producing a 100% pure non-albino population. Using this sterilization program,
which kingdom will arrive at its goal first? Explain.
 
 
How can we know whether the tall plant in F2 is Homozygous or recessive?
– By Test Cross
Test Cross
 Test Cross
• Purpose :
• To find whether an observed dominant trait is due to homozygous genotype
(pure breed) or heterozygous genotype( hybrid)
• Method:
• Cross the dominant phenotype with recessive phenotype
• Observe the ratio of offspring obtained.
• Conclusion:
• If all the offspring are of dominant phenotype, the parent dominant is
homozygous( pure breed)
• But if 50% of the offsprings are of dominant phenotype and 50% of
recessive phenotype, the parent dominant is heterozygous( hybrid).

Learn further at:

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Courses/Bio105/geneprob.htm
 Practice Question
• Answer Q 18. 12, page 240 from your text
book.
• Answer Ques 5, page 245 of your text
book.
 Codominance

when both alleles

express themselves
into phenotypes when
heterozygous.
Such alleles are called
codominant alleles.
 CoDominance
• F1 hybrids have an appearance somewhat in
between the phenotypes of the two parental
varieties.
• Carl Correns Crossed 4’O Clock Plant (flower)
• red (RR) x white (rr)

R R
RR = red flower
rr = white flower r

r
 CoDominance
R R

Rr Rr produces the
r
F1 generation
r Rr Rr All Rr = pink
(heterozygous pink)
CoDominance
 Multiple Alleles
• - It is generally accepted that gene has two alternative
forms called Allele.
• Usually, one of the two alleles of a gene is dominant
over the other, which is recessive e.g, Tall (TT)
• But in many cases, several alleles of a single gene
governing the concerned trait and is known as Multiple
alleles
• Both prokaryotes and Eukaryotes show multiple alleles.

• Examples:
• 1. Human ABO blood group
• 2.Fur colour in rabbits and other mammals.
• 3. Drosophila eye colour
 Human Blood Group
• In humans, there are four blood types:
A,B,AB and O
• Blood type is controlled by three alleles:
A,B,O
• O is recessive, two O alleles must be
present for the person to have type O blood
• A and B are Codominant. If a person
receives an A allele and B allele, their blood
type is AB type
• Crosses involving blood type often use an I
to denote the alleles
 Blood Groups- Phenotype and
Genotype

BLOOD GENOTYPE
GROUP
A I I ,I i
A A A

B IBIB ,IBi
AB I A IB
O ii
 Practice Questions
• 1. If a male has blood type B and a female
has blood type A, what are the possible
blood types in the offspring?

• 2. Is it possible for a child with Type O

blood to be born to a mother who is type
AB? Why or why not?

• 3. A child is type AB. His biological

mother is also type AB. What are the
possible phenotypes of his biological
father?
Sex determination
 Sex Determination
• The first 22 pairs of human
chromosomes decides the traits of an
individual and are called autosomes.

• The 23rd pair of chromosomes

determines the gender of the individual
and are called the sex chromosomes
They are the X and the Y chromosome.
•  
• If you have two X chromosomes (XX)
you will be a GIRL
•  
• If you have an X and a Y chromosome
(XY) you will be a BOY
•  
• Below are two complete sets of
chromosomes, these are found in the
nucleus of every cell. One is for a boy
and one is for a girl. The chromosomes
are labelled in pairs up to 22. The 23rd
pair of chromosomes are the sex
chromosomes and from these you can
identify the sex of the person.
•  
 Sex determination

The chance of getting a male/female child at every pregnancy is 50%, irrespective of

the gender of other siblings
Genetic Disorders
- Cystic fibrosis
-Sickle cell anemia
 Cystic fibrosis
• A genetic disorder in which large amounts of water is
removed by the cells, making the extracellular fluid
viscous.
• CF affects mainly the lungs and the digestive system.
• In the lungs, a build-up of thick mucus makes it difficult
to clear bacteria and leads to cycles of infection and
inflammation, which damage the delicate lung tissues.
This leads to severe respiratory problems.

In the digestive tract, CF makes it extremely difficult to

digest and absorb adequate nutrients from food. Thick
mucus also blocks the ducts of the pancreas, preventing
enzymes from reaching the intestines to digest food.
Genetic Diseases-
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
• What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cystic
Fibrosis?
• difficulty breathing;
• constant cough which expels thick mucus;

• excessive appetite, with weight loss;

• bowel disturbances;

• skin which tastes salty;

• repeated or prolonged bouts of pneumonia;

• failure to thrive.
 Genetics of cystic fibrosis

• The alleles that causes cystic fibrosis is

recessive.
• So homozygous individuals (FF) would be
normal
• Homozygous recessive would suffer from
cystic fibrosis
• Heterozygous individuals would not suffer
from cystic fibrosis, but can pass it on to
their off springs- and are called carriers.
Inheritance of genetic Disorder
 Sickle Cell Anemia
• Sickle cell disease is an inherited disease of red blood cells.
• Due to inheritance of recessive allele, defective Hb is made.

• It is characterized by pain episodes, anemia (shortage of red blood cells),

serious infections and damage to vital organs.

• The symptoms of sickle cell disease are caused by abnormal hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin, the main protein inside red blood cells, carries oxygen from the
lungs and takes it to every part of the body. Normally, red blood cells are
round and flexible and flow easily through blood vessels. But in sickle cell
disease, the abnormal hemoglobin causes red blood cells to become stiff
and, under the microscope, may look like a C-shaped farm tool called a
sickle. These stiffer red blood cells can get stuck in tiny blood vessels,
cutting off the blood supply to nearby tissues. This is what causes pain
(called a sickle cell pain episode or crisis) and sometimes organ damage in
sickle cell disease. Sickle-shaped red blood cells also die and break down
more quickly than normal red blood cells, resulting in anemia.
Inheritance
Sickle cells
 Pedigree Charts

• Pedigree charts are graphic

representations of inheritance in a
family.
• There are certain features
common to all charts.
• Males are represented by squares
and females by circles.
• If an individual exhibits a trait, the
circle or square is filled in.
• If they lack a trait, the circle or
square remains open.
• Marraiges (or matings) are
indicated by lines connecting a
circle to a square.
• Offspring are shown as connected
lines under the parents.
 Practice Question
Figure 1 Key

1 2 3 4 unaffected male

unaffected female

affected male

5 6 7 8 9 10 11
affected female

male carrier
12 13 14

female carrier

1. Genetic counsellors draw family trees, using symbols to show the sex of a
person, and whether they are affected or are known to be a carrier. Look at
figure 1, which shows the family tree of two children with cystic fibrosis.
What is the sex of childrn 10 and 11?
a) How was it worked out that both parents 6 and 7 are carriers of cystic
fibrosis?
b) What is the chance that child 14 is a carrier of cystic fibrosis?
c) Could any of the people that are shown as “unaffected” be carriers of cystic
fibrosis? Explain your answer.
• http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/monohy
br/monhybr.html
• http://www.kscience.co.uk/animations/inhe
ritance.htm
• http://www.s-
cool.co.uk/gcse/biology/genetic-
crosses/monohybrid-crosses.html