TYPES OF

REASONING
Reasoning/Inference
It enables us to justify or prove the
truth of statement or belief on the basis
of the truth of another statement.

Argument
It is the end-result of reasoning or
inference.
It consists only of statements or beliefs.
Mere Collection of statements will
not form an argument.
Premise (Set of premises)
It provides justification for the
conclusion.
Conclusion
It is what follows from or is proven by
the premise and is indicated by
“therefore”.
Fundamental Goal of Reasoning
To prove the truth of conclusion by
means of the truth of its premises.
Truth of the conclusion can either be:

Certain(Necessary)- means we are sure

about its truth for there is no possibility
that it is false.
Two general
types of
reasoning
 Deductive Argument
The truth of the premises is supposed
to prove that the truth of the conclusion
is certain.
It is consequently either valid or invalid.
 Valid- Truth of the premises really or
successfully proves the truth of the
conclusion is certain.
 Invalid- It fails to do so.
It can also be sound or unsound.
 Sound- It is a deductive argument that
is valid and that contains premises that
are all true.
 Unsound - It is a deductive argument
that is valid and that contains at least
one premise that is false.
Logic - It is the methods of determining
the validity or invalidity of various
deductive argument forms.
 Inductive Argument
The truth of the premises is supposed
to prove that the truth of the conclusion
is probable.
It is consequently either strong or
weak.
Strong – the truth of its premises really
or successfully proves that the truth of its
conclusion is probable.
Weak- It does not to do so.
 Fallacies (Errors in Reasoning)
These are actually the cases of weak
inductive reasoning.
 Fallacy of Hasty Generalization
 It is also known as converse accident.
 It occurs when we make a general
conclusion from an insufficient number
of cases.
 Fallacy of Weak Analogy
 It is committed when we conclude that
two things must have a certain
similarity because they already have
other similarities but which are
insufficient in number or irrelevant to
the conclusion.
It can be cogent or uncogent.
 Cogent
 All of its premises happen to be true.
 Uncogent
 One of its premises happens to be false.