PROTOZOA III

Parasitology Department
Medical Faculty
University of Sumatera Utara
 Cryptosporidium parvum
• Phylum : Apicomplexa
• Class : Coccidea
• Order : Eucoccidiorida
• Family : Cryptosporidiidae
• Genus : Cryptosporidium
• Species : parvum
 Cryptosporidium parvum
• Cryptosporidiosis commonly occurs in patients
with AIDS, and it is an important contributory
factor in deaths of some infected patients who
have AIDS
• Living on the brush border or just under the
free surface membrane of host
gastrointestinal or respiratory epithelial cells
 MORPHOLOGY
• Oocyst:
- Small (4-5)µm
- Dark granules with large vacuole
- Only seen in feces
 LIFE CYCLE
• Infective stage:
o sporulated oocyst;
o direct fecal-oral
• Route of transmission:
oIngestion
• Inside host:
o sexual (schizogony or merogony) cycle
o asexual (gametogony) cycle
LIFE CYCLE
 EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Infection is by fecal-oral contamination
• A number of animal can serve as reservoirs of
infections
• It maybe on of the three most common
causative agents of chronic diarrhea in
humans
 Cyclospora cayetanensis
• Phylum : Apicomplexa
• Class : Conoidasida
• Order : Eucoccidiorida
• Family : Eimeriidae
• Genus : Cyclospora
• Species : catayensis
 Cyclospora cayetanensis
• The 1st reported outbreak in the US was
evidently among staff physicians at Chicago
hospital in July 1990
• In HIV (+) patients – asymptomatic if CD4 cell
count is within normal limit
• Transmitted through contaminated food and
water
 MORPHOLOGY
 Spherical, 8-10 μm
 Eccentrically placed morula
 Acanthamoeba spp.
• Sub phylum : Sarcodina
• Class : Lobosea
• Order : Amoebida
• Family : Acanthamoebidae
• Genus : Acanthamoeba
 Acanthamoeba spp.
• Free living amoeba widely distributed in
nature
• Facultative parasite of man and animal
• Recent increase in the number of cases of CNS
infection as well as cases of keratitis
• The lifecycle stages are the trophozoite form &
cyst, no flagellate form
 MORPHOLOGY
• Trophozoite • Cyst
- Size : ± 10-45 µm - Shape : angular,
- Acanthopodia (+) wrinkled, starlike
- Single nucleus - Size : ± 20 µm
- Large karyosome - Thick double wall
MORPHOLOGY
MORPHOLOGY
LIFE CYCLE
 Risk factors
• Contact lens wear
• Trauma to the eye
• Use of home made saline
• Use of tap water to rinse lens
• Swimming while wearing CL
• Poor hygienic care of CL system
 EPIDEMIOLOGY
• 200 cases of CNS infections due to these
amebas have occurred world-wide.
• They have been isolated from a variety of
habitats including fresh water, thermal
discharges of power plants, soil, sewage and
also from the nose and throats of patients with
respiratory illness as well as healthy persons.
• Cysts are resistant to chlorine
 Naegleria fowleri

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 Naegleria fowleri
Introduction
Phylum : Sarcomastigophora
Super-class : Rhizopodea
Class : Lobosea
Order : Schizopyrenida
Family : Vahlkampfiidae
Genus : Naegleria

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 ……. Introduction
Free-living amoeba  pathogenic

Amoeboflagellated

N. fowleri infects immunocompetent hosts with a

history of warm water-related activities  a
necrotizing and hemorrhagic meningoencephalitis
 Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) 
death.

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 ……. Introduction
Warm temperatures (>30°C) and pollution of the
water with organic material  ideal for the
proliferation of N. fowleri.

Sensitive to chlorine  chlorinated swimming

pools adequately.

Lakes and ponds  appropriate warnings 

during the hot summer months.

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 Morphology
Trophozoites
Amoeboid, 8-29 µm
Single nucleus; large
endosome and
peripheral granules.
Blunt pseudopodia

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 ……. Morphology
Flagellated
Two long flagella at
one end
Single nucleus
(-) pseudopodia
Can swim rapidly
Transient form

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 ……. Morphology
Cysts
Spheroid
10-14 µm
Single nucleus
Double layer of wall

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 Life cycle

27 Yunilda Andriyani
THANK YOU