Words, Sentences, and

Dictionaries

Agita Risma N., S.Hum, M.A

IKIP PGRI Madiun
1. Words as meaningful building-
blocks of language
 Words are basic in 2 senses:
1. Their meanings that are
unpredictable and so must be listed
in dictionaries (the meaning is
arbitrary/ not logical).
2. They are the building-blocks out of
which phrases and sentences are
formed.
Examples:
1.Month  N . Any of twelve portions
into which the year is divided
2.Miranda went to Paris last month.
NP VP PP
sentence
2. Words as : Types and Tokens
 Example:
Mary goes to Edinburgh next week,
and she intends going to
Washington next month.

 Therefore, how many word-types or

word-tokens which are listed in
dictionary?
 So, what’s type? What’s token?
 Type : words as listed in
dictionaries entries
 Token : type which appear more
than once
 3. Words with predictable
meanings
a. Onomatopoeic: Words created to
sound like the thing that they name.
English Japanese Tagalog Indonesian

Cock-a-doo Kokekokko Kuk-kakauk Kukuruyuk

Meow Nya Niyaw Meong

b. Sound symbolism: set of words which
symbolize particular meaning

words that begin with sl-

slip, slop, slurp, slither, slick usually
reflected with meaning ‘smoothness’
or ‘wetness’
c. The use of Affixation. Any words that
are composed of independently
identifiable parts, where the meaning of
the parts is sufficient to determine the
meaning of whole word.
example:
dioecious (having male and female
flowers)
Gingko trees reproduce dioeciously
4. Non-words (phrase and
sentence) with unpredictable
meaning
 Idiom
-white house
-hot spot
 Proverb
-too many cooks spoil the broth
-it’s no use crying over spilt milk
Conclusion: words vs lexical items
 Words have 2 characteristics:
1. They are building-blocks for
phrases and sentences word
2. Their meanings are unpredictable
 lexical item