Elektronika 1

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Dioda Semikonduktor

Drs. Wildian , M.Si.

Program Studi Fisika

Universitas Andalas
2014 1
Wildian, Program Studi Fisika Universitas Andalas
 konduktor, isolator, dan semikonduktor
• Kemampuan suatu zat padat menghantarkan listrik bergantung terutama
pada perilaku elektron yang berada di orbit terluar tersebut.

• Berdasarkan kemampuannya menghantarkan listrik ini, zat padat dapat

dibedakan atas: konduktor, isolator, dan semikonduktor.

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Wildian, Program Studi Fisika Universitas Andalas
• Semiconductors have had a monumental
impact on our society. You find
semiconductors at the heart of
microprocessor chips as well as transistors.
Anything that's computerized or uses
radio waves depends on semiconductors.

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 What is a Diode?

• A diode is the simplest sort of semiconductor device. Broadly speaking, a

semiconductor is a material with a varying ability to conduct electrical
current. Most semiconductors are made of a poor conductor that has had
impurities (atoms of another material) added to it. The process of adding
impurities is called doping.

• In the case of LEDs, the conductor material is typically aluminum-gallium-

arsenide (AlGaAs). In pure aluminum-gallium-arsenide, all of the atoms
bond perfectly to their neighbors, leaving no free electrons (negatively
charged particles) to conduct electric current. In doped material,
additional atoms change the balance, either adding free electrons or
creating holes where electrons can go. Either of these alterations make
the material more conductive.

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 Depletion Zone

• At the junction, free

electrons from the N-type
material fill holes from the
P-type material. This
creates an insulating layer
in the middle of the diode
called the depletion zone.
©HowStuffWorks

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 Forward Bias
• A semiconductor with extra electrons is called N-
type material, since it has extra negatively charged
particles. In N-type material, free electrons move
from a negatively charged area to a positively
charged area.

• A semiconductor with extra holes is called P-type

material, since it effectively has extra positively
charged particles. Electrons can jump from hole to
hole, moving from a negatively charged area to a
positively charged area. As a result, the holes
themselves appear to move from a positively
charged area to a negatively charged area.
When the negative end of the circuit is hooked up to the N-type layer and the positive end is
hooked up to P-type layer, electrons and holes start moving and the depletion zone
disappears. When the negative end of the circuit is hooked up to the N-type layer and the
positive end is hooked up to P-type layer, electrons and holes start moving and the depletion
zone disappears. 6
 Reverse Bias
• A diode consists of a section of N-type
material bonded to a section of P-type
material, with electrodes on each end. This
arrangement conducts electricity in only one
direction. When no voltage is applied to the
diode, electrons from the N-type material fill
holes from the P-type material along the
junction between the layers, forming a
depletion zone. In a depletion zone, the
semiconductor material is returned to its
original insulating state -- all of the holes are
filled, so there are no free electrons or empty
spaces for electrons, and charge can't flow.

When the positive end of the circuit is hooked up to the N-type layer and the negative end
is hooked up to the P-type layer, free electrons collect on one end of the diode and holes
collect on the other. The depletion zone gets bigger.
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Wildian, Program Studi Fisika Universitas Andalas
• To get rid of the depletion zone, you have to get electrons
moving from the N-type area to the P-type area and holes
moving in the reverse direction. To do this, you connect the N-
type side of the diode to the negative end of a circuit and the
P-type side to the positive end. The free electrons in the N-
type material are repelled by the negative electrode and
drawn to the positive electrode. The holes in the P-type
material move the other way. When the voltage difference
between the electrodes is high enough, the electrons in the
depletion zone are boosted out of their holes and begin
moving freely again. The depletion zone disappears, and
charge moves across the diode.
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• If you try to run current the other way, with the P-type
side connected to the negative end of the circuit and the
N-type side connected to the positive end, current will
not flow. The negative electrons in the N-type material
are attracted to the positive electrode. The positive holes
in the P-type material are attracted to the negative
electrode. No current flows across the junction because
the holes and the electrons are each moving in the
wrong direction. The depletion zone increases. (See
How Semiconductors Work for more information on the
entire process.)
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• The interaction between electrons and holes
in this setup has an interesting side effect -- it
generates light! In the next section, we'll find
out exactly why this is

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 How Light Emitting Diodes Work
• Light emitting diodes, commonly called LEDs, are real unsung
heroes in the electronics world. They do dozens of different
jobs and are found in all kinds of devices. Among other things,
they form numbers on digital clocks, transmit information
from remote controls, light up watches and tell you when your
appliances are turned on. Collected together, they can form
images on a jumbo television screen or
illuminate a traffic light.

• Basically, LEDs are just tiny light bulbs that fit easily into an
electrical circuit. But unlike ordinary incandescent bulbs, they
don't have a filament that will burn out, and they don't get
especially hot. They are illuminated solely by the movement Though they often come in tiny
of electrons in a semiconductor material, and they last just as packages, light emitting diodes
long as a standard transistor. The lifespan of an LED surpasses produce a large amount of light
the short life of an incandescent bulb by thousands of hours. and are used in an ever-
Tiny LEDs are already replacing the tubes that light up LCD growing list of technologies.
HDTVs to make dramatically thinner televisions.

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 How Can a Diode Produce Light?
• Light is a form of energy that can be released by an atom. It is made up of
many small particle-like packets that have energy and momentum but no
mass. These particles, called photons, are the most basic units of light.
• Photons are released as a result of moving electrons. In an atom,
electrons move in orbitals around the nucleus. Electrons in different
orbitals have different amounts of energy. Generally speaking, electrons
with greater energy move in orbitals farther away from the nucleus.
• For an electron to jump from a lower orbital to a higher orbital,
something has to boost its energy level. Conversely, an electron releases
energy when it drops from a higher orbital to a lower one. This energy is
released in the form of a photon. A greater energy drop releases a higher-
energy photon, which is characterized by a higher frequency. (Check out
How Light Works for a full explanation.)

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• As we saw in the last section, free electrons moving across a diode can fall into empty holes
from the P-type layer. This involves a drop from the conduction band to a lower orbital, so
the electrons release energy in the form of photons. This happens in any diode, but you can
only see the photons when the diode is composed of certain material. The atoms in a
standard silicon diode, for example, are arranged in such a way that the electron drops a
relatively short distance. As a result, the photon's frequency is so low that it is invisible to
the human eye -- it is in the infrared portion of the light spectrum. This isn't necessarily a
bad thing, of course: Infrared LEDs are ideal for remote controls, among other things.

• Visible light-emitting diodes (VLEDs), such as the ones that light up numbers in a
digital clock, are made of materials characterized by a wider gap between the conduction
band and the lower orbitals. The size of the gap determines the frequency of the photon --
in other words, it determines the color of the light. While LEDs are used in everything from
remote controls to the digital displays on electronics, visible LEDs are growing in popularity
and use thanks to their long lifetimes and miniature size. Depending on the materials used
in LEDs, they can be built to shine in infrared, ultraviolet, and all the colors of the visible
spectrum in between.

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 LED Advantages
• While all diodes release light, most
don't do it very effectively. In an
ordinary diode, the semiconductor
material itself ends up absorbing a lot
of the light energy. LEDs are specially
constructed to release a large number
of photons outward. Additionally, they
are housed in a plastic bulb that
concentrates the light in a particular
direction. As you can see in the
diagram, most of the light from the
diode bounces off the sides of the The interior of a LED is actually quite
simple, which is one of the reasons this
bulb, traveling on through the
technology is so versatile.
rounded end. ©HowStuffWorks

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• LEDs have several advantages over conventional incandescent lamps.
For one thing, they don't have a filament that will burn out, so they last
much longer. Additionally, their small plastic bulb makes them a lot
more durable. They also fit more easily into modern electronic circuits.

• But the main advantage is efficiency. In conventional

incandescent bulbs, the light-production process involves generating a
lot of heat (the filament must be warmed). This is completely wasted
energy, unless you're using the lamp as a heater, because a huge
portion of the available electricity isn't going toward producing visible
light. LEDs generate very little heat, relatively speaking. A much higher
percentage of the electrical power is going directly to generating light,
which cuts down on the electricity demands considerably.

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• Per-watt, LEDs output more lumens of light than
regular incandescent bulbs. Light emitting diodes
have a higher luminous efficacy (how efficiently
electricity is converted to visible light) than
incandescents -- for example, Sewell's EvoLux LED
bulb produces 76.9 lumens per watt compared to
an incandescent bulb's 17 lm/W [source: Sewell].
And they last: LEDs can have lifetimes of 50,000
hours or more [source: Design Recycle Inc].

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• Up until recently, LEDs were too expensive to use for most lighting
applications because they're built around advanced semiconductor
material. The price of semiconductor devices has plummeted since the
year 2000, however, making LEDs a more cost-effective lighting option for a
wide range of situations. While they may be more expensive than
incandescent lights up front, their lower cost in the long run can make
them a better buy. Several companies have begun selling LED light bulbs
designed to compete with incandescent and compact fluorescents that
promise to deliver long lives of bright light and amazing energy efficiency.

• Over the next couple of pages we'll take a look at the future of LEDs in our
homes. One day they may be plugged into our light bulb sockets, lighting
up our digital readouts and illuminating the millions of pixels that make up
our high-definition televisions.
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 LED Light Bulbs vs. Incandescents and
Fluorescents
• For decades, 100-watt incandescent light bulbs
have lit up hallways and bedrooms; 60-watt
incandescents have shone softer light from
reading lamps and closets. But incandescent
lights have some problems. They're inefficient,
wasting lots of energy as heat, and have
shorter lifespans than fluorescent lamps.
Recently, compact fluorescent (CFL) bulbs have
become popular alternatives to incandescent
LED lighting fixtures like this one
bulbs thanks to lower power consumption.
may eventually replace
Where incandescent lights last an average of incandescent bulbs entirely, but
around 1,000 hours, CFLs can last 8,000 hours. their higher initial cost is still a
Unfortunately, CFLs contain toxic mercury that barrier for most households.
makes them potentially hazardous and a pain ©iStockphoto.com/MorganLeFaye
to dispose of [source: Design Recyle Inc].

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• Enter the LED light bulb. LEDs offer the advantages of CFLs --
lower power consumption and longer lifetimes -- without the
downside of toxic mercury. For example, a 60-watt
incandescent light bulb draws more than $300 worth of
electricity per year and provides about 800 lumens of light; an
equivalent compact fluorescent uses less than 15 watts and
costs only about $75 of electricity per year. LED bulbs are even
better, drawing less than 8 watts of power, costing about $30
per year, and lasting 50,000 hours or longer [source: Design
Recyle Inc]. There are only 8,760 hours in a whole year --
imagine how long an LED bulb would last in the average home!

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• That makes LEDs sound pretty great -- and they are -- but
there's a reason incandescent and compact fluorescent bulbs
are still around. LED bulbs present a high up-front cost
compared to other bulbs. Incandescent bulbs sell in packages
for only a few bucks. As of mid-2011, Sewell's EvoLux LED
bulbs sold for more than $70 apiece! However, because of
their longer life spans and dramatically lower power usage,
LED bulbs make up for the high barrier of entry. Since there's
no toxic mercury in an LED, they're also easier and cheaper to
dispose of than CFLs. And since LEDs can be built to light up in
a variety of colors, they don't need filters like other bulbs.

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• LED lighting obviously isn't perfect yet. In addition to the high cost barrier,
LEDs are vulnerable to high temperatures. If LED circuitry gets too hot,
more current will pass through the junction mentioned earlier in this
article. When too much current courses through the junction, it will cause
irreversible burn-out often called LED meltdown [source: Fun-LED-Light].

• LEDs and fluorescents put off "cool" or bluish light compared to the
"warm," yellowish light typical of incandescent bulbs. The difference in
lighting types can take some adjustment, but LEDs obviously offer
numerous advantages over incandescents. LEDs are even easy to dim and
are perfect for encouraging plant growth, since they efficiently put off
tons of light without producing heat that could potentially be damaging
to plant life.

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 LED TVs and the Future of Light Emitting
Diodes
• LEDs have come a long way since the early days of lighting
up digital clock faces. In the 2000s, LCD TVs took over the
high definition market and represented a huge step over
old standard definition CRT televisions. LCD displays were
even a major step above HD rear-projection sets that
weighed well over 100 pounds ( 45.4 kilos). Now LEDs are
poised to make a similar jump. While LCDs are far thinner
and lighter than massive rear-projection sets, they still use
cold cathode fluorescent tubes to project a white light onto
the pixels that make up the screen. Those add weight and
thickness to the television set. LEDs solve both problems.

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• Have you ever seen a a gigantic flatscreen TV barely an inch
thick? If you have, you've seen an LED television. Here's
where the acronyms get a bit confusing: those LED TVs are
still LCD TVs, because the screens themselves are comprised
of liquid crystals. Technically, they're LED-backlit LCD TVs.
Instead of fluorescent tubes, LEDs shine light from behind
the screen, illuminating the pixels to create an image. Due to
the small size and low power consumption of LEDs, LED-
backlit TVs are far thinner than regular LCD sets and are also
more energy efficient. They can also provide a wider color
gamut, producing more vivid pictures.

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• Because LED TVs are still in their infancy, several different types of LED-
blacklit sets are on the market -- and not all LED TVs are created equal.
Many sets use white LED edge lighting to shine light across the display.
The only real advantage afforded by these sets is thinness. RGB LED-
backlit sets, on the other hand, provide improved color. Some
configurations even allow for a technique called local dimming, where
LEDs in different parts of the display can be brightened or dimmed
independently to create a more dynamic picture [source: LED Tele].
And that highlights one more great advantage of LEDs over compact
fluorescent lights: Because the LEDs can actually be instantly toggled
on and off, they produce awesome black levels in dark scenes. Since
the white fluorescent lamps have to remain on during TV use, some
light tends to bleed through and lighten the picture in dark scenes

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• In the future, some of the most incredible uses of
LEDs will actually come from
organic light emitting diodes, or OLEDs. The organic
materials used to create these semiconductors are
flexible, allowing scientists to create bendable lights
and displays. Someday, OLEDs will pave the way for
the next generation of TVs and smart phones -- can
you imagine rolling your TV up like a poster and
carrying it with you anywhere?

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Now, it’s time for us to say…

“Alhamdulillaah
”
Semoga bermanfaat…
© 2014_Wildian_Fisika-Universitas Andalas

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