Climate, Water and Soil

rahman andra wijaya, st, mt, gp, iali

what is climate ?
the composite or generally prevailing weather conditions of a
region, as temperature, air pressure, humidity, precipitation,
sunshine, cloudiness, and winds, throughout the year, averaged
over a series of years
what is climate ?
the composite or generally prevailing weather conditions of a
region, as temperature, air pressure, humidity, precipitation,
sunshine, cloudiness, and winds, throughout the year, averaged
over a series of years
Tropical zone from 0°–23.5°(between the
tropics)
In the regions between the equator and the tropics
(equatorial region), the solar radiation reaches the
ground nearly vertically at noontime during almost
the entire year.
Thereby, it is very warm in these regions. Through
high temperatures, more water evaporates and the
air is often moist. The resulting frequent and
dense cloud cover reduces the effect of solar
radiation on ground temperature.
what is climate ?
the composite or generally prevailing weather conditions of a
region, as temperature, air pressure, humidity, precipitation,
sunshine, cloudiness, and winds, throughout the year, averaged
over a series of years
Subtropics from 23.5°–40°
The subtropics receive the highest radiation in
summer, since the Sun's angle at noon is almost
vertical to the Earth, whilst the cloud cover is
relatively thin. These regions receive less moisture
what increases the effect of radiation.
Therefore, most of the deserts in the world are
situated in this zone. In winter, the radiation in
these regions decreases significantly, and it can
temporarily be very cool and moist.
what is climate ?
the composite or generally prevailing weather conditions of a
region, as temperature, air pressure, humidity, precipitation,
sunshine, cloudiness, and winds, throughout the year, averaged
over a series of years
Temperate zone from 40°–60°
In the temperate zone, the solar radiation arrives
with a smaller angle, and the average
temperatures here are much cooler than in the
subtropics. The seasons and daylength differ
significantly in the course of a year. The climate is
characterized by less frequent extremes, a more
regular distribution of the precipitation over the
year and a longer vegetation period - therefore
the name "temperate".
what is climate ?
the composite or generally prevailing weather conditions of a
region, as temperature, air pressure, humidity, precipitation,
sunshine, cloudiness, and winds, throughout the year, averaged
over a series of years
Cold zone from 60°–90°
The polar areas between 60° latitude and the poles
receive less heat through solar radiation, since the
Sun has a very flat angle toward the ground.
Because of the changes of the Earth axis angle to
the Sun, the daylength varies most in this zone. In
the summer, polar days occur. Vegetation is only
possible during a few months per year and even
then is often sparse. The conditions for life in these
regions are very hard.
January 2004
February 2004
Maret 2004
April 2004
Mei 2004
Juni 2004
Juli 2004
Agustus 2004
September 2004
Oktober 2004
November 2004
Desember 2004
By Enhanced, modified, and vectorized by Ali Zifan. - Derived from World Köppen Classification (with authors).svg., CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=47085774
By Enhanced, modified, and vectorized by Ali Zifan. - Derived from World Köppen Classification (with authors).svg., CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=47085774
what is weather ?
refers to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity.

The state of the atmosphere, describing - for example the degree

to which it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or
cloudy.
what is microclimate ?
climates in miniature (Franklin 1955)

climatic conditions measured in localized areas near the earth's

surface (Geiger 1965)
significance of microclimate ?
the importance of microclimate in influencing ecological
processes such as plant regeneration and growth, soil respiration,
nutrient cycling, and wildlife habitat selection has became an
essential component of current ecological research (Perry 1994)

environmental variables, which include temperature, light, wind

speed, and moisture, have been critical throughout human
history, providing meaningful indicators for habitat selection and
other activities (Chen et al, 1999)
topics on water
• water cycle
• evaporation (incl. transpiration, sublimation)
• condensation (moved by advection)
• precipitation (incl. de-sublimation)
• collection (canopy intercept, run off, infiltration, percolation, residence time)
• watersheds
• water table and groundwater
• water conscious design
• rain water harvesting – zero run off
watersheds
watersheds
watersheds
water table and groundwater
water conscious design
water conscious design
water conscious design
rain water harvesting
zero runoff
topics on soil
• what is soil
• soil profile and horizon
• soil attributes (physical, chemical, biological)
• soil type
• runoff, erosion, and landslide
what is soil
Soil is the material found on the surface of the earth that is composed
of organic and inorganic material that provide medium for plant
growth.

Soil is a natural body comprised of solids (minerals and organic matter),

liquid, and gases that occurs on the land surface – USDA, 1999

Soil develops slowly over time and is composed of many different

materials. Inorganic materials, include weathered rocks and
minerals. As rocks are broken down, they mix with organic materials,
which are those materials that originate from living organisms
clay : high runoff
loam : moderate runoff
sand : low runoff