Go, change the

RV College world
of
Engineering

WINDOWS NT 5.0 and it’s ARCHITECTURE

COURSE:OPERATING SYSTEMS
Presented by
USN1 1RV17TE006NAME AMBATI OM SRI HARSHA
USN2 1RV17TE036NAME PUTLUR SATYANARAYANA REDDY
 Contents
• INTRODUCTION
• FEATURES OF WINDOWS NT 5.0 OR WINDOWS 2000
• ARCHITECHTURE OF WINDOWS NT 5.0 OR WINDOWS 2000
• DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF WINDOWS 2000
• REFERENCES
 INTRODUCTION
• Windows 2000 is a business-oriented operating system that was produced by Microsoft as part of
the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was released to manufacturing on December 15,
1999, and launched to retail on February 17, 2000. It is the successor to Windows NT 4.0.
• Four editions of Windows 2000 were released: Professional, Server, Advanced Server,
and Datacenter Server; the latter was both released to manufacturing and launched months after
the other editions. While each edition of Windows 2000 was targeted at a different market, they
shared a core set of features, including many system utilities such as the Microsoft Management
Console and standard system administration applications.
• Windows 2000 introduces NTFS 3.0, Encrypting File System, as well as basic and dynamic disk
storage. Support for people with disabilities was improved over Windows NT 4.0 with a number of
new assistive technologies, and Microsoft increased support for different
languages and locale information. The Windows 2000 Server family has additional features, most
notably the introduction of Active Directory,which in the years following became a widely
used directory service in business environments.
 CONT..
Microsoft marketed Windows 2000 as the most secure Windows version ever at the
time; however, it became the target of a number of high-profile virus attacks such
as Code Red and Nimda. For ten years after its release, it continued to receive patches
for security vulnerabilities nearly every month until reaching the end of its lifecycle on
July 13, 2010.
Windows 2000 is the last version of Microsoft Windows to display the "Windows NT"
designation, and the last version where the desktop and server versions of Windows
shared the same name. It is succeeded by Windows XP (released in October 2001)
and Windows Server 2003 (released in April 2003).
 MAIN FEATURES OF WINDOWS 2000 OPERATING SYSTEM
Active Directory
Microsoft included Active Directory feature for the first time in Windows 2000 Server. Active Directory
is used to store information about resources, users, or a group and its attributes.
Distributed File System
Windows 2000 server operating system brought Distributed File System (DFS) feature which enables
users to distribute files across multiple servers over the network.
NTFS 3.0 File system
Windows 2000 Server introduced new version of NTFS file system i.e. NTFS 3.0 with new features
such as file-system-level encryption, disk quotas, sparse files and reparse points.
Virtual Private Network
This operating system provides virtual private network feature that allows you to make your computer
a remote server and enables other users to connect to the server via VPN. With this feature, users
can access shared files that reside on your system or on the network.
 ARCHITECTURE
• The architecture of Windows , a line of produced and sold by Microsoft, is a
layered design.
• Layered design consist of two main components user mode and kernel
mode.
• Starting with Windows 2000, Microsoft began making 64-bit versions of
Windows available; before this, these operating systems only existed in 32-
bit versions.
• This structure is a modular structure, composed of several simple
modulesThese modules are:
Hardware Abstraction layer
Kernel/microkernel
Executive Services
Environment Subsystem
Integral subsystem
 Modes of Windows operating system
Program and application run in OS in two modes
• Protected mode/Kernel mode
 Kernel is known as a hybrid kernel. The architecture comprises HAL, driver,
microkernel, executive Services.
 In Kernel mode, the executing code has complete and unrestricted access to the
underlying hardware.
 It can execute any CPU instruction and reference any memory address. Kernel mode
is generally most trusted functions of the operating system. Crashes in kernel mode
are terrible, they will halt the entire PC.
• User mode
 Programs and subsystems in user mode are limited in terms of to what system
resources they have access.(can not directly access hardware).
 In User mode, the executing code has no ability to directly access hardware or
reference memory. Code running in user mode must delegate to system APIs to
access hardware or memory.
 Due to the protection afforded by this sort of isolation, crashes in user mode are
always recoverable.
Hardware Abstraction Layer
HAL, is a layer between the physical hardware of the computer and the rest of
the operating system. It was designed to hide differences in hardware and
provide a consistent platform on which the kernel is run. The HAL includes
hardware-specific code that controls I/O interfaces, Interrupt controller and
multiple processors
Kernel
• Windows Kernel is known as hybrid kernel.
• The Kernel works very closely with the HAL
• It schedules the activities to be performed by the CPU.
• kernel synchronizes activity among processors to optimize performance.
• kernel mode stops user mode services and applications from accessing
critical areas of the operating system that should not have access to.
• Kernel mode drivers exist in three levels.
1) Highest level drivers
2) Intermediate level drivers
3) Low level drivers
.
Microkernel
• The Microkernel is a collection of programs that
can provide tasks such as address space
management, thread management and inter-
process communication (IPC).
• The Microkernel along with the Windows kernel
to make the operating system work efficiently.

Four main responsibilities of kernel

• thread scheduling
• interrupt handling
• low-level processor synchronization
• recovery after a power failure
Executive Services
Executive Services is simply a label given to a diverse set of components that provide the basics of
an operating system. These basic services offered by the kernel executive include the following:
 Object Manger
   Power Manger 
 Process Manager
  I/O Manager 
 Local Procedure Call Facility
 Cache Manager
 Device Drive Manager

Object Manager 
Ø  It provides rules for naming and security of objects.
Ø  Objects can be   files and folders saved in the file system. 
Ø  Creation and insertion of objects can be done in this section. 
Ø Objects are manipulated by a standard set of methods namely create,
open, close, delete, query name and security
Power Manger
 It deals with power events like power-off, stand-by.
 Windows 2000 supports all of the latest standards in Power Management including the Advanced
Power Management (AMP) and Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI). 
 Consequently, network devices can be powered off when not in use and dynamically reactivated
when network access is required. 
Process Manager
  The Process Manager manages the creation and deletion of processes.
  Process is started via the Create Process routine which loads any dynamic link libraries that are used
by the process, and creates a primary thread 
 Every dynamic link library or executable file that is loaded into the address space of a process is
identified by an instance handle
I/O Manager 
Ø The I/O Manager manages all the input and output for the operating system.
Ø  It supports all file system drivers, hardware device drivers and network drivers, . 
Ø The I/O Manager provides a common interface to all drivers and  allows the I/O Manager
to communicate with all drivers in the same way.
Local Procedure Call Facility 
  The executive system implements a message passing facility called a Local Procedure Call
(LPC).
  Applications communicate with the environment subsystems by passing messages via the 
LPC facility.

Cache Manager 
 It handles caching for the entire I/O system.
  Instead of reading and writing directly to disk, Frequently used files are temporarily
stored in a cache  memory and read and write operations are performed to these files in
the memory.
 Caching is used to improve the performance of the I/O systems

Device Manager 
• Device Manager allows  to check the status of  hardware devices and to
update device drivers for the hardware installed on  computer.
Environment subsystem
• Environment subsystem allow Window2000 to run application written
for different operating system. The environment subsystem accept
the API call made by the application, convert the API call into a
format that is understood by Window 2000, and then pass the
converted API to executive components running in Kernel mode.

Main three environment subsystem

• The Win32 subsystem

• An OS/2 subsystem
• POSIX subsystem
Integral subsystem

 Integral subsystem perform essential operating system function. 

Security 
 Creates security token and rights. Permission to user account.
 Accept user login request and initiates authentication.

Workstation services 
 The workstation services allow a Windows 2000 computer to
access the network.
 Provide an API to access the network redirection
DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF WINDOWS 2000

Windows Server 2000 operating system available in four editions with their own features
like Windows 2000 Advanced Server and Windows 2000 Data Center Server provide cluster
service which helps a server to run applications that were running on another server that
has stopped working. Editions of Win 2000 are listed below:

Microsoft Windows 2000 Server

Microsoft Windows 2000 Advanced Server
Microsoft Windows 2000 Datacenter Server
Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional Edition
 REFERENCES

• Finnel, Lynn (2000). MCSE Exam 70-215, Microsoft Windows 2000 Server.
Microsoft Press. ISBN 1-57231-903-8. 
• Russinovich, Mark (October 1997). "Inside NT's Object Manager". Windows IT Pro.
• "Active Directory Data Storage". Microsoft. Retrieved 2005-05-09.
• Russinovich, Mark; Solomon, David (2005). Microsoft Windows Internals (4th ed.).
Microsoft Press. ISBN 0-7356-1917-4. 
• Schreiber, Sven B. (2001). Undocumented Windows 2000 Secrets. Addison-Wesley
Longman. ISBN 978-0201721874. 
• Siyan, Kanajit S. (2000). Windows 2000 Professional Reference. New Riders. ISBN 
0-7357-0952-1.