Hydraulics for Fire Protection

International Fire Sprinkler Association

www.firesprinkler.global
1
 Course Outline
• Definitions and Equations
• Hydraulic Calculation Principles
• Hydraulic Calculation Process
• Example Calculation
• Review of Computer Calculations

2
 Study of Water
• Hydraulics
– The science which defines the mechanical
principles of water at rest or in motion.
• Hydrostatics
– The scientific laws that define the principles of
water at rest.
• Hydrokinetics
– The study of water in motion.

3
 Hydraulic Focus
• Pressure • Flow

4
 Pressure Types
• Atmospheric Pressure
– Caused by the weight of air, varies with altitude
• Lower at high altitudes, higher at low altitudes
• 14.7 psi at sea level
• Gage Pressure
– The actual reading on a gage, does not account for
atmospheric pressure. (psig)
• Absolute Pressure
– The sum of atmospheric pressure and gage
pressure. (psia)
5
 Pressure Types (continued)
• Static Pressure (Ps)
– The potential energy available within a system
when no water is flowing.
– Pressure is created by elevating water above a
source, or it can be created mechanically with
pumps or pressure tanks.

6
 Elevation Pressure

62.4 lbs/ft2 0.433 lbs/in2

1 ft 1 ft

• A cubic foot of water results in a static

pressure at its base of 62.4 lbs/ft2
• Converted to square inches a column of water
1-foot high exerts a pressure of 0.433 lbs/in2
7
 Elevation Pressure (continued)
• Pressure (psi) = 0.433 X Elevation (ft)

15 ft

5 ft

What is the pressure difference?

8
 Elevation Pressure Example (Continued)
• What is the pressure at the hydrant?

Pressure (psi) = 0.433 x Elevation (ft)

P  0.433 x 200 ft
200 ft
P  90.93 psi
P=?
P  91 psi

6 ft

9
 Elevation Pressure 2nd Example
• How high is the water?

Pressure(p si)  0.433  Elevation( ft)

Pressure(p si)
? ft Elevation(ft) 
0.433
P=47 psi
47psi
Elevation(ft) 
0.433
Elevation  108.55 ft  109 ft
6 ft

10
 Pressure Types (continued)
• Residual Pressure (PR)
– The pressure at a given point in a conduit or
appliance with a specific volume of water flowing.

11
 Pressure Types (continued)

• Normal Pressure (PN)

– The pressure created on the walls of PN
pipe or tanks holding water.
– This is the pressure read by most
gages.
• Velocity Pressure (PV)
PV
– The pressure associated with the
flow of water measured in the same
direction as the flow.
12
 Calculating Velocity Pressures
Pn = P t – P v
Where:
Pn = normal pressure (psi)
Pt = total pressure (psi)
Pv = velocity pressure (psi)

Velocity pressure can be found as follows:

2
0.001123Q
Pv  4
di
13
 Using Velocity Pressure
• When velocities are high in a closed system the
pressure needs to be accounted for in the
calculations
• It can reduce the flows and pressures needed in a
system 5-10 percent
• In most sprinkler systems velocities are low and
their pressures create a minor effect, therefore
velocity pressures can be ignored.
• It should be used at points where large flows take a
90-degree turn in the piping.
14
 Flow (Q)
• The quantity (of water) which passes by a
given point in a given period of time
• Generally measured in gallons per minute
(gpm) or cubic feet per second (ft3/sec)
• Uses the term “Q” in most equations

15
 Flow Equation
Q=AxV
• Q = flow in ft3/sec
• A = cross sectional area of pipe in ft2
• V = water velocity in ft/sec

• Q is a constant for any given closed system.

16
 Flow Equation (continued)
Q = A x V = constant flow

X gpm

When the pipe size changes flow remains

constant:
Q = A1 x V1 = A2 x V2
A 1 x V1 = A2 x V 2

17
 Flow Example 1

5.7 ? 3-inch
6-inch
ft/s

• If water is flowing at 5.7 ft/sec in 6-inch pipe,

how fast is it flowing when the pipe size is
reduced to 3-inch?

18
 Flow Example 1 Solution

5.7 ? 3-inch
6-inch
ft/s

How fast is it flowing when the pipe size is reduced to 2-

inch? A 1 V1
A V A V
1 1 2 2
V 2
A2
A1 =  r2 =  (3 in)2 = 28.3 in2
A2 =  r2 =  (1.5 in)2 = 7.1 in2
(28.3in2 )(5.7ft/sec)
V2  2
 22.7ft/sec
7.1in
19
 Flow from an Outlet
• Dependent upon a number of factors
– Size of the orifice
– Construction of the device
– Material used in the device
– Other components near the device (e.g. screens)
• For a sprinkler, that ability is determined
experimentally in a laboratory

20
 Flow from an Outlet (continued)
• Where: Q  29.83  di  Pv  CD
2

• Q is the flow (gpm)

• di is the diameter of opening (inches)
• Pv is the measured velocity pressure (psi)
• CD is the discharge coefficient of the device

• This is used when testing water supplies to

determine the amount of flow
21
 Flow from a Sprinkler

Q  k P
Where:
Q is flow (gpm)
k is k-factor determined in the sprinkler listing
(gpm/psi½)
P is the pressure (psi)
• The diameter of the opening and discharge
coefficient are incorporated into the empirical
determination of k-factor.
22
 Sprinkler Flow Example
• A sprinkler is being installed with a k-factor of
5.6. If the pressure at the sprinkler is 20 psi,
how much water will exit the sprinkler?

Q k P
Q  5.6 20 psi
Q  25.0 gpm

23
 Flow from a Sprinkler (continued)
• The flow equation can be rearranged to solve
for pressure or k-factor:
2
Q 
P 
k
Q k P
Q
k
P
24
 Pressure Calculation Example
• What is the pressure for a sprinkler that has a
k-factor of 17.6 and the expected flow is 83
gpm?
2
 83 gpm 
2 P 
Q   17.6 
P 
k P   4.716   22.2 psi
2

25
 K-factor Calculation Example
• What is the K-factor for an outlet that is
flowing 65 gpm at 30 psi?
• 65 gpm
k
Q 30 psi
k
P 65
k  11.86
5.48

26
 Friction Loss (PL)
• Occurs when water flows in pipes, hoses, or
other system devices
• Caused by water in contact with walls
• Used to account for losses in energy from
water making turns or traveling difficult paths

27
 Formulas for Calculating Friction Loss
• Hazen-Williams formula
– Fire sprinkler systems
– Water-spray systems
• Darcy-Weisbach formula
– Anti-freeze systems
– Water mist systems
– Foam-water systems
• Fanning formula

28
 Hazen-Williams Formula
• Most common for sprinkler calculations
• Assumes water is at room temperature but is
still accurate with temperature variations
• Based on C-factor, flow, and pipe size
• Calculates the amount of friction loss in ONE
FOOT of pipe

29
 Hazen-Williams Formula
1.85
4.52Q
PL  1.85 4.87
• Where: C di
• PL = friction loss (psi/ft)
• Q = flow (gpm)
• C = roughness coefficient (based on pipe
material)
• di = interior pipe diameter (inches)

30
 Roughness Coefficient
Table 22.4.4.7 Hazen-Williams C Values
Pipe or Tube C Value
Unlined case or ductile iron 100
Black steel (dry systems including preaction) 100
Black steel (wet systems including deluge) 120
Galvanized (all) 120
Plastic (listed, all) 150
Cement-lined cast or ductile iron 140
Copper tube or stainless steel 150
Asbestos cement 140
Concrete 140

31
 Inside Diameters (di)
List for steel and copper in Table A.6.3.2 and Table A.6.3.5
Nominal Schedule Schedule Type K CPVC*
Pipe Size 40 10 Copper
1-inch 1.049 1.097 0.995 1.101
1 ¼-inch 1.380 1.442 1.245 1.394
1 ½-inch 1.610 1.682 1.481 1.598
2-inch 2.067 2.157 1.959 2.003
2 ½-inch 2.469 2.635 2.435 2.423
3-inch 3.068 3.260 2.907 2.95
4-inch 4.026 4.260 3.857 N/A

32
 Hazen-Williams Example
If a pressure gage is reading 40 psi at one end of a 32-
foot section of 2-inch schedule 40 pipe (C = 120)
flowing at 110 gpm, what will a gage at the other end
read? 40 ?

2-inch schedule 40 pipe

32 ft
1.85 1.85
4.52Q 4.52(110gpm)
PL  1.85 4.87  1.85 4.87
C di (120) (2.067in)

PL= 0.112 psi/ft

33
 Hazen-Williams Example (continued)
• What will a gage at the other end read?

40 ?

2-inch schedule 40 pipe

32 ft

• PL = 0.112 psi/ft
• Friction Loss = 0.112 psi/ft x 32 ft = 3.6 psi
• Gage Pressure = 40 psi – 3.6 psi  36 psi

34
 Fittings
• Energy losses through fittings are caused by
turbulence in the water
• To determine losses through fittings
“equivalent length” is used
• NFPA has a table to provide equivalent pipe
lengths
• Table is based on schedule 40 steel in a wet
pipe system with C Values of 120.

35
 Equivalent Length Chart
Fittings & Valves Fittings & Valves Expressed in Equivalent Feet of Pipe

1¼
¾ in 1 in 1 ½ in 2 in 2 ½ in 3 in 3 ½ in 4 in 5 in 6 in 8 in 10 in 12 in
in

45° Elbow 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 7 9 11 12

90° Standard
Elbow 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 14 18 22 27

90° Long Turn

1 2 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 8 9 13 16 18
Elbow

Tee/Cross 3 5 6 8 10 12 15 17 20 25 30 25 50 60
Butterfly Valve - - - - 6 7 10 - 12 9 10 12 19 21
Gate Valve - - - - 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 6
Swing Check - 5 7 9 11 14 16 19 22 27 32 45 55 65
36
 Adjusting Equivalent Lengths
• NFPA 13 table is based on schedule 40 steel
pipe for a wet system
• All others need to be adjusted for:
– Change in pipe material
• C-factor other than 120
– Change in interior diameter
• Other than those for schedule 40 steel

37
 Adjusting for C-Factor

Table 22.4.3.2.1 C Value Multiplier

Value of C 100 130 140 150
Multiplying 0.713 1.16 1.33 1.51
Factor

• Begin with the equivalent length value from

the table
• Multiply the length by the factor above for the
appropriate C-factor

38
 Adjusting for Inside Diameter
4.87
 Actual inside diameter 
Factor   
 Schedule 40 Steel Pipe inside diameter 
• Begin with the equivalent length value from
the table
• Multiply the length by the factor above
calculated for the inside diameter of the pipe
being used

39
 Fittings (continued)
• All fittings must be accounted for in the
calculations
– Including tees, elbows, valves, etc.
– Some may have pressure loss or equivalent length
values from manufacturer’s listing information
• Special provisions:
– Fittings connected directly to sprinklers
– Fittings where water flows straight through
without changing direction

40
 Equivalent Length Exercise
• What is the equivalent pipe length of Type K
copper tube which used for a 3-inch standard
turn 90-degree elbow?

41
 Equivalent Length Exercise Solution
• What is the equivalent pipe length of Type K
copper tube which used for a 3-inch standard
turn 90-degree elbow?
• NFPA 13 Table 22.4.3.1.1 :
– 3-inch 90-degree elbow = 7 ft of pipe
• Adjustments are needed for:
– Type K Copper
– Interior diameter

42
 Equivalent Length Exercise Solution (continued)
• What is the equivalent pipe length of Type K
copper tube which used for a 3-inch standard
turn 90-degree elbow?
• Adjustment for material (C-factor)
– Copper has a C-Factor of 150
– Per Table 22.4.3.2.1: Multiplier = 1.51
• Adjustment for inside diameter
– 3-inch copper has an inside diameter of 2.907-inch
4.87 4.87
 Actual i.d.   2.907 
Factor       0.77
 Schedule 40 Steel Pipe i.d.   3.068 
43
Equivalent Length Exercise Solution (continued)
• What is the equivalent pipe length of Type K
copper tube which used for a 3-inch standard
turn 90-degree elbow?
• Apply the factors:
– Equivalent pipe length per Table 22.4.3.1.1 = 7 ft
– Adjustment for C-factor = 1.51
– Adjustment for diameter = 0.77
• The equivalent length for a 3-inch Type K
Copper standard turn elbow is:
7 ft x 1.51 x 0.77 = 8.14 ft 44
Hydraulic Calculation Principles

45
 The Layout Process
1. Define the Hazard
2. Analyze the Structure
3. Analyze the Water Supply
4. Select the Type of System
5. Select the Sprinkler Type(s) and Locate Them
6. Arrange the Piping
7. Arrange Hangers and Bracing (where needed)
8. Include System Attachments
9. Hydraulic Calculations
10.Notes and Details for Plans
11.As-Built Drawings
46
 Hydraulic Calculations
• Verify that the amount of water specified by
the design approach can be delivered to
control or extinguish a fire
• Confirm and adjust pipe sizing to accomplish
control or extinguishment
• Determine size and adequacy of water supply

47
 Hydraulics Affected By…
• Piping Configuration
– Tree Systems
– Loop Systems
– Gridded Systems
– Multi-purpose Systems
• Can be any of the configurations above with at least
one domestic fixture tied into the piping.
• Pipe Size and Material
• Pipe Fittings

48
 Tree System
B
ra
n
ch
Li
n
es

Cross Main

Riser
Branch lines and sprinklers are
fed from only one direction

49
 Loop System

Allows smaller cross mains

because each branch line is fed
from two directions.
50
 Grid System

Allows smaller cross mains and

branch lines since each sprinkler
is fed by at least two paths.

51
 Hydraulics Affected By…
(continued)
• Type of Sprinkler
– Standard Spray Sprinklers
– Extended Coverage Sprinklers
– Control Mode Specific Application (CMSA)
Sprinklers
– Early Suppression Fast Response (ESFR) Sprinklers
– Residential Sprinklers
– In-rack Sprinklers
– Specially Listed Sprinklers

52
 Hydraulics Affected By…
(continued)
• Design Method
– Density/Area Method
– Room Design Method
– Special Design- NFPA special arrangements for
residential, stairs, chutes, etc.

53
 Hydraulic Calculation Principles
• Provide enough water from each sprinkler to
control or extinguish fire
• Provide water for all sprinklers which are likely
to open
• Minimize pipe size for material cost, but not
create large pressure loss due to friction

54
 Hydraulic Calculation Approaches
• Density/Area Method
• Room Design Method
• Special Design Approaches
– Residential Sprinklers
– ESFR Sprinklers
– Specially Listed Sprinklers
– Water Curtains
– Other

55
 Density/Area Method
• Density is the flow of water that lands in a
single square foot under the sprinkler
• Measured in flow divided by unit area
– English units: gpm/ft2
• Flow required from a sprinkler is calculated by
multiplying selected density by the coverage
area

56
Density/Area Curves

57
 Density/Area Example 1
• A sprinkler system has been installed with standard
spray sprinklers spaced 10 feet by 11 feet 6 inches
apart. If this is an Ordinary Hazard Group 2
occupancy and the discharge density is 0.2 gpm/ft 2,
what is the minimum required flow from a
sprinkler?
• Coverage Area:
A = 10 ft x 11.5 ft = 115 ft2
• Density times area equals flow:
0.2 gpm/ft2 x 115 ft2 = 23 gpm
58
 Density/Area Method (continued)
• Fire Rectangle: “…the 1.2 Design _ Area
design area shall be a
rectangular area having a
dimension parallel to the
branch lines at least 1.2
times the square root of
the area of sprinkler
operation used…”
• Different remote area
geometry may be required
by other authorities.
59
 Fire Rectangle
• When sprinklers are evenly spaced, the long
leg of the rectangle can be divided by the
distance between the sprinklers on a branch
line
– This determines the number of sprinklers per line
• If the last line of sprinklers being added to the
design area does not need the same number
of sprinklers the most demanding ones are
added to the calculations
60
 Density/Area Curves
• Total Number of Sprinklers to Calculate
– Design Area ÷ Area Per Sprinkler
• Number of Sprinklers per Branch Line

1.2 Design Area

S
Where:
S is the distance between sprinklers on the branch line

61
 Density/Area Example 2
• The sprinkler system in an OH2 occupancy has a
discharge density of 0.2 gpm/ft2 over 1500 ft2 (selected from
Figure 11.2.3.1.1), each sprinkler covers 115 ft2, how many
sprinklers will be in the design area?
1500 ft2 ÷ 115 ft2 = 13.04
14 sprinklers
• If sprinklers along the branch line are 10 ft apart, how
many sprinklers/line are calculated?

1.2 1500ft 2
 4.65  5 sprinkler/line
10ft
62
 Density/Area Example 2 (continued)
Which sprinklers on the 3rd line should be added?

E 10 5
D 9 4
C 8 3
B 7 2
A 6 1
63
 Area Adjustments
• Dry-Pipe Systems
– Increase area 30% (Section 11.2.3.2.5)
• Double Interlock Preaction Systems
– Increase Area 30% (Section 11.2.3.2.5)
• Extra Hazard Occupancy with High
Temperature Sprinklers
– Decrease Area 25%, but minimum of 2000 ft2
(Section 11.2.3.2.6)

64
 Area Adjustments (continued)
• Quick Response Sprinklers (11.2.3.2.3)
– Area of operation can be reduced 25 to 40%
depending on ceiling height when:
• Wet pipe system only
• Light or ordinary hazards
• 20 ft maximum ceiling height
• No unprotected ceiling pockets
• No less than 5 sprinklers in design area
– Area may be less than 1500 ft2

65
 Quick Response Area Adjustment
Ceiling Height (ft) v. % Reduction • Ceiling Height <10 ft
40 – Reduction is 40%
35 • Between 10 and 20 ft
30 – Y = (-3x/2)+55
25
• Ceiling Height is 20 ft
20
– Reduction is 25%
15
• Over 20 ft Ceiling Height
10
– No reduction allowed
5
0
0 5 10 15 20

66
 Area Adjustments (continued)

• Sloped Ceilings
– Area of operation is increased by 30% if pitch
exceeds 2 in 12 (rise in run). This is an angle of
9.46°

rise
run
67
 Area Adjustments (continued)
• Unsprinklered concealed spaces minimum 3,000
ft2 applied after all other adjustments unless:
– Noncombustible or limited-combustible space with
minimal combustible loading and
• No access
• Limited access an no occupancy or storage
– Filled with noncombustible insulation
– Light/Ordinary hazard occupancies with wood joists
or solid noncombustible or limited-combustible
construction subdivided into 160 ft3 areas, including
areas under insulation directly on joists
68
 Area Adjustments (continued)
• Unsprinklered concealed spaces minimum 3,000 ft2
applied after all other adjustments unless:
– Flame spread rating 25 or less
– Spaces constructed of fire retardant materials defined by
NFPA 703
– Spaces over isolated small rooms < 55 ft2
– Vertical pipe chases under 10 ft2 meeting 8.15.1.2.14
– Exterior columns under 10 ft2 supporting sprinklered canopies
– Light/Ordinary hazard occupancies with noncombustible or
limited-combustible ceilings attached to composite wood
joists directly or with 1-inch metal channels subdivided into
160 ft3 areas
69
 Multiple Adjustments Example 1
• Compound adjustments based on original area
of operation selected from Figure 11.2.3.1.1.
– Dry-pipe system installed under slope of 4 in 12
• 30% increase for dry system
• 30% increase for slope
• Using 1500 ft2 as the selected operation area
– 1500 ft2 x 1.3 x 1.3 = 2535 ft2 design area
• There is no change in the density.

70
 Multiple Adjustments Example 2
• Compound adjustments based on original area
of operation selected from Figure 11.2.3.1.1.
– QR sprinklers under 3 in 12 slope, ceiling height is
20 ft
• 25% decrease for ceiling height
• 30% increase for slope
• Using 1500 ft2 as the operation area
– 1500 ft2 x 0.75 x 1.3 = 1463 ft2 design area
• There is no change in density.

71
 Room Design Method
• Density based on Figure 11.2.3.1.1
• Calculate all of the sprinklers in the most
demanding room (usually the largest)
• Walls must have fire resistance rating equal to
the required water supply duration
Table 11.2.3.1.2
Light Hazard 30 minutes
Ordinary Hazard 60 – 90 minutes
Extra Hazard 90 – 120 minutes

72
 Room Design Method (continued)
• Light Hazard
– Doors must have automatic or self closers, or
– Calculations must include two sprinklers from
each adjoining space
• Ordinary and Extra Hazard
– Doors must have automatic or self closers with
appropriate fire resistance ratings.
• Corridors/Narrow Rooms
– When protected with a single-row of sprinklers,
calculate maximum of 5 sprinklers or 75 feet
73
 Room Design Method Example
Which room is the most demanding? Light Hazard, no door closers

1 2 3 4

6 7
5

11
15
8 9 10
12 13 14
74
 RDM Example Solution
Room Sprinklers Sprinklers Room Sprinklers Sprinklers
# in Room Calculated # in Room Calculated
1 6 10 9 1 6
2 2 6 10 3 10
3 8 12 11 3 12
4 4 7 12 1 3
5 4 11 13 1 3
6 7 5 14 1 3
7 1 5 15 6 11
8 1 2

75
 Special Design Approaches
• Specially Listed Sprinklers
– Minimum flow and/or pressure included in the listing
of the sprinkler
– Uses the area of calculation from the density area
method
• ESFR Sprinklers
– 12 sprinklers calculated
– 4 sprinklers over 3 branch lines
• Other
– Provides the number of sprinklers to be calculated
and minimum pressure or flow necessary 76
 Hydraulically Most Remote Sprinklers
• Location of Open Sprinklers
– Usually highest and farthest from system riser
– Can be hard to locate in gridded systems
– Special sprinklers may be more demanding due to
flow characteristics instead of those farther away
from the water supply
• Several sets of calculations may need to be
done to find the most demanding values

77
 Types of Water Supplies
• City Water Mains (public supply)
• Reservoir, Lake, Pond, River, etc.
• Private Water Mains (NFPA 24)
• Water Tanks (NFPA 22)
• Fire Pumps (NFPA 20)
– Could be used as part of any of the water supplies

78
 City Water Mains
• Information from the local water authority
• Flow testing near the site
• Need the following information:
– Static Pressure
– Residual Pressure
– Residual Flow

79
 Water Supply Summary
• If the system demand is NOT within the capacity of the
water supply, alterations are need to the supply or to
the system
• If the supply is too low on flow:
– arrange a secondary water source (e.g. tank, lake, pond, etc.)
• If the supply is too low on pressure:
– install a fire pump
– use larger pipe to reduce friction loss
– maintain higher water level in an elevated tank
– install tank at higher elevation

80
 Step-by-Step Calculations
1. Identify hazard category
2. Determine sprinkler spacing
3. Determine piping arrangement
4. Calculate amount of water needed per sprinkler
5. Calculate number and location of open sprinklers
in the hydraulically most demanding area
6. Start at most remote sprinkler and work towards
the water supply calculating flows and pressures
7. Compare demand with supply
81
 Example
• Ordinary Hazard Group 2 occupancy
• 12 ft ceiling height
• Quick Response standard spray sprinklers with
a k-factor of 5.6
• Wet pipe sprinkler system
• Sprinklers on 10 ft x 12.5 ft spacing

82
 Example: Plan View
123 ft
5 ft
10 ft

38 ft
80 ft

12.5 ft

5.5 ft
5 ft

5 ft
83
 Example (continued)
1. Select hazard category: OH2
2. Determine sprinkler spacing: 10 ft x 12.5 ft
3. Determine piping arrangement: Done
4. Calculate amount of water per sprinkler
a) Select Density/Area Method
b) Pick point from density/area curve: 0.2 gpm/ft2
over 1500 ft2
c) 0.2 gpm/ft2 x 125 ft2 = 25 gpm/sprinkler

84
 Example (continued)
1. Select hazard category: OH2
2. Determine sprinkler spacing: 10 ft x 12.5 ft
3. Determine piping arrangement: Done
4. Calculate amount of water per sprinkler: 25 gpm
5. Calculate number & location of open sprinklers
a) Area Adjustment(s):
QR Reduction: % = (-3x/2) + 55 = [-3(12)/2] + 55 = 37%
1500 ft2 x 0.63 = 945 ft2
b) 945 ft2 ÷ 125 ft2 per sprinkler = 7.56 = 8 sprinklers
c) 1.2(945)0.5/10 = 3.7 = 4 sprinklers per branch line

85
 Example: Hydraulic Remote Area
123 ft
5 ft
10 ft

38 ft
80 ft

12.5 ft

5.5 ft
5 ft

5 ft
86
 Determine the Starting Pressure
• Most remote sprinkler needs 25 gpm
• Sprinkler k = 5.6
2 2
 Q   25 
P     19.9psi
 k   5.6 
• Starting information for the first sprinkler:
– 25 gpm at 19.9 psi
• Next work back to the water supply adding
pressure losses and flows throughout the
system
87
 Information Needed for Calculations
• Select initial pipe sizes
• Locate nodes on all places where:
a. Flow (Q) takes place,
b. Type of pipe or system changes (C), and
c. Diameter (di) changes.
• Layout calculation paths starting with primary
path then attachment paths
• Fill in hydraulic calculation sheets

88
 Hydraulic Calculation Paths
Locate the system nodes:
5 ft
10 ft

38 ft
BL1 BL2
TOR
4 8
12.5 ft
3 7

5.5 ft
2 6
5 ft

1 5 5 ft
89
 Main Calculation Path
• Start at the most remote sprinkler (#1)
• Path:

1 2 3 4 BL1 BL2

TOR

Balancing
Point

90
 Auxiliary Calculation Path
• Section that connects into the “balancing
point”
• Auxiliary Path A:

5 6 7 8 BL2

K-Factor
needed to
balance
91
 Balancing Flows
Q 25 • Only one pressure is
K   6.45
P 15 inside the pipe
– Use the higher pressure
25 gpm @
15 psi • Calculate an equivalent
K-factor for the portion
35 psi of the pipe with the
q  6.45 35 lower pressure
q  38.2 gpm • Calculate the actual
125 gpm @ flow using the K-factor
35 psi Q = 125 + 38.2 and the new pressure.
Q = 163.2 gpm
92
 Hydraulic Calculation Work Sheets
• Hand calculations or computer calculations
must present certain information
• Computer generated sheets have been
standardized by NFPA 13 (since January 2008)
• Traditional hand calculation sheets have minor
variations from the computer standard
• The path created is the order the calculations
will be completed

93
 Calculation Work Sheets
• Column Headings:
Flow –
Node Elev. 1 K- Nom. C- Total (PT)
1 (ft) factor this ID L (ft) Factor
step (q)
Fittings Elevation

Pressure
– F (ft) (Pe)
amount Notes
Total & Friction
Node Elev. 2 Actual
Flow length Loss
2 (ft) ID Friction
(Q) T (ft) (psi/ft)
(Pf)

94
 Work Sheets: Nodes

•The “Node” column is used

Node 1 Elev. 1 (ft) to coordinate the hydraulic
calculation with the sprinkler
Node 2 Elev. 2 (ft) plans
•Node 1 is the starting
1 17.5 location of the calculation
step and Node 2 is where that
2 17.5 step ends and the next will
begin.
95
 Work Sheets: Elevation
• The “Elevation” column
Elev. 1 K- is coordinated to the
Node 1 (ft) factor node location in the
system.
Node 2 Elev. 2 • For calculation purposes
(ft) the centerline height is
used.
1 17.5 8.0 • Elevation is used for
pressure calculations
2 17.5 further in the step.
96
 Work Sheets: K-Factor
• The “K-Factor” column
Elev. 1 K- Flow – relates to the sprinklers
(ft) factor this step or other flowing orifices
(q) used in the system.
• For devices, such as
Elev. 2 Total sprinklers, the K-factor is
(ft) Flow (Q) found in the
manufacturer’s cut
17.5 8.0 26.0 sheets.
• At balancing points the K-
17.5 26.0 factor would be the
calculated value.
97
 Work Sheets: Flow
•The “Flow” column is
used for both adding the
K- Flow – Nom. new flow for the step and
this step
factor (q) ID finding the total flow at
that point in the system.
Total Actual •The top line is “q” where
Flow (Q) ID the new flow is added.
•The bottom line is “Q”
8.0 26.0 1 ¼-inch
where the flow is totaled.
26.0 1.380 •At the first step, the lines
will be equal.
98
 Work Sheets: Pipe Size
• The pipe size column is
Flow – split into two rows –
Nom. nominal and actual.
this step ID
(q) Fittings • The “Nominal ID” is
– noted for the diameter
amount of the pipe in that step.
Total Actual & length
Flow (Q) ID • The “Actual ID” is the
real inside diameter
26.0 1 ¼-inch used for the friction
26.0 1.380 loss calculation.
99
 Work Sheets: Fittings
• The “Fittings” column is
Nom. used for listing the
ID L (ft) equivalent lengths of any
Fittings fittings between Node 1
– F (ft)
and Node 2 for that step.
Actual amount • Many branch lines do
ID & length T (ft) NOT have any fittings
that need to be
1 ¼-inch 10 accounted for in the
step.
--
1.380
10
100
 Work Sheets: Lengths
• The length column sums
the physical lengths
L (ft) C-Factor (center-to-center) of
Fittings – F (ft) the step with the
amount & Friction
Loss equivalent lengths.
length T (ft) (psi/ft) • “L” is the physical length
• “F” is the equivalent
10 C = 120 length from the fittings
-- • “T” is the total length
0.056
10 for that step

101
 Work Sheets: Friction Loss
• The friction loss
column contains the C-
L (ft) C-Factor Total (PT) factor for the pipe in
Pressure Elevation that step and the
F (ft) (Pe) amount of friction loss
Friction per foot of pipe.
Loss
Friction • The Hazen-Williams
T (ft) (psi/ft) (Pf) formula is used to
determine the friction
10 C = 120 10.6 loss and 3 decimal
-- -- places are used.
0.056
10 0.5
102
 Work Sheets: Pressure
• “PT” is the total pressure
at the start of that step
C-Factor Total (PT)
• “Pe” is the pressure from
Elevation
Pressure

(Pe) the elevation change in

Friction Notes the step
Loss
(psi/ft) Friction • “Pf” is the pressure in the
(Pf) step caused by friction
C = 120 10.6 • The pressure is totaled
Q = 0.2 (130)
-- = 26 gpm on the next line to start
P = (26/8.0)
2
0.056 = 10.6 psi that step.
0.5
103
 Work Sheets: Notes
Total (PT) • The “Notes” column is
Elevation used to list additional
Pressure

(Pe)
Notes information such as
Friction equations for flows,
(Pf) pressures, elevation
pressure and equivalent
10.6 Q = 0.2 (130) = K-factors.
26 gpm
-- P = (26/8.0)2 =
0.5 10.6 psi

104
 Calculation Exercise
Flow –
Node Elev. 1 K- Nom. C- Total (PT)
1 (ft) factor this ID L (ft) Factor
step (q)
Fittings Elevation

Pressure
– F (ft) (Pe)
amount Notes
Total & Friction
Node Elev. 2 Actual
2 (ft) Flow ID length Loss
(Q) (psi/ft) Friction
T (ft) (Pf)

1 ½- 2T = 16 10 C = 120 20.0
S4 16.5 5.6 25.0
inch
BL1 15.5 128.6 1.610
13 C = 120
BL1 15.5 -- -- 2-inch

BL2 15.5 2.067

• Determine the values for the highlighted boxes.

10
 Calculation Exercise Solution
Flow –
Node Elev. 1 K- Nom. C- Total (PT)
1 (ft) factor this ID L (ft) Factor
step (q)
Fittings Elevation

Pressure
– F (ft) (Pe)
amount Notes
Total & Friction
Node Elev. 2 Actual
2 (ft) Flow ID length Loss
(Q) (psi/ft) Friction
T (ft) (Pf)

1 ½- 2T = 16 10 C = 120 20.0
S4 16.5 5.6 25.0
inch 16 0.4
0.505
BL1 15.5 128.6 1.610 26 13.1
13 C = 120 33.5
BL1 15.5 -- -- 2-inch
-- 0
0.150
BL2 15.5 128.6 2.067 13 1.9

10
 Full System Hydraulic Calculation
• An electronics factory is being built.
• Water supply tests were done near the site
and produced the following information:
– Static pressure = 90 psi
– Residual pressure = 60 psi
– Flow at 60 psi = 1000 gpm

107
 The Layout Process
1. Define the Hazard
2. Analyze the Structure
3. Analyze the Water Supply
4. Select the Type of System
5. Select the Sprinkler Type(s) and Locate Them
6. Arrange the Piping
7. Arrange Hangers and Bracing (where needed)
8. Include System Attachments
9. Hydraulic Calculations
10.Notes and Details for Plans
11.As-Built Drawings
108
 Identify the Hazard
• In accordance with NFPA 13 hazard
classifications, an electronics factory is
classified as an Ordinary Hazard Group I
occupancy.

109
 The Layout Process
1. Define the Hazard
2. Analyze the Structure completed
3. Analyze the Water Supply
4. Select the Type of System
5. Select the Sprinkler Type(s) and Locate Them
6. Arrange the Piping
7. Arrange Hangers and Bracing (where needed)
8. Include System Attachments
9. Hydraulic Calculations
10.Notes and Details for Plans
11.As-Built Drawings
110
 Available Water Supply
Water Supply
120
Flow Test
110 Summary Sheet
90 psi static
100
pressure
90

80
60 psi residual
Pressure (psi)

70 pressure at 1000 gpm

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Flow (gpm)
111
 The Layout Process
1. Define the Hazard
2. Analyze the Structure
3. Analyze the Water Supply
4. Select the Type of System
5. Select the Sprinkler Type(s) and Locate Them
6. Arrange the Piping
7. Arrange Hangers and Bracing (where needed)
8. Include System Attachments
9. Hydraulic Calculations
10.Notes and Details for Plans
11.As-Built Drawings
112
 System Details
• Type of System:
– Wet pipe system
• Type of Sprinkler: TY3121
– Standard spray quick response upright sprinkler
with a K-factor of 5.6
• Typical Sprinkler Spacing:
– Sprinklers are 10 ft apart on the branch lines, and
12.5 ft between branch lines

113
 Electronics Factory Plan View N
5 ft from north wall and 6 ft from west wall
10
ft

12.5
ft

53
ft
Mains are
Schedule 10
100 ft

Branch lines are

Schedule 40 5 ft from south wall and
6.5 ft from east wall

200 ft
114
 Electronics Factory Elevation View
Riser is 1 ft away
from the east wall.
3-inch All branch lines
Schedule 10 are on a 1 ft

15 ft
18 ft

Alarm Check Valve –

12.5 ft between riser nipple Viking J-1
branch lines
N
Gate Valve

5 ft
4-inch PVC
(ID – 4.240 inches)

7 ft
Long Turn
Elbow 42 ft

115
 Electronics Factory Isometric View
1-inch
1 ¼-inch
1 ¼-inch
1 ½-inch
1 ½-inch 1 ft riser nipple
1 ½-inch

main and riser

3-inch

15 ft
N

Underground
4-inch PVC

116
 The Layout Process
1. Define the Hazard
2. Analyze the Structure
3. Analyze the Water Supply
4. Select the Type of System
5. Select the Sprinkler Type(s) and Locate Them
6. Arrange the Piping
7. Arrange Hangers and Bracing (where needed)
8. Include System Attachments
9. Hydraulic Calculations
10.Notes and Details for Plans
11.As-Built Drawings
117
 Select a Design Approach
• Use the density/area method
• A point from the density/area curves need to
be selected

118
 Check for Area Adjustments
• Quick response sprinklers (in light hazard or
ordinary hazard with wet pipe system, reduce
design area based on maximum ceiling height,
where it is less than 20 ft)
– Original design area, from the area/density curve,
is 1500 ft2.
– Wet pipe system, ordinary hazard, and a ceiling
height of 18 ft

119
 Area Reduction For QR Sprinklers
Ceiling Height (ft) v. % Reduction – y = % reduction in area
40 – x = ceiling height
35
- 3x
30
y  55
25 2
20  3(18)
15 y  55
2
10
 54
5 y  55  28%
0 2
0 5 10 15 20

120
 Design Area (continued)
• Starting with 1500 ft2 design area
• Applying the 28% reduction in area:
100% - 28% = 72%
1500 ft2 * 0.72 = 1080 ft2
• New design area is 1080 ft2
• Density remains at 0.15 gpm/ft2

121
 Design Area (continued)
• Design area is 1080 ft2
• Each sprinkler, spaced 10 ft x 12.5 ft, is
covering 125 ft2
• How many sprinklers are in the design area?
• 1080 / 125 = 8.64 sprinklers = 9 sprinklers

122
 Forming the Design Area
1.2 Design Area
parallel to the branch lines

2
1.2 1080 ft
 3.94  4 sprinklers
10 ft
• Continue to add branch lines until 9 sprinklers
are included

123
 Remote Area N
1 5
2 6
3 7

53
ft
4 8 9 Mains are
Schedule 10
100 ft

12.5 Branch lines are

10
ft

ft Schedule 40

200 ft
124
 Information Needed for Calculations

1. Select initial pipe sizes completed

2. Locate nodes on all places where:
a) Flow (Q) takes place,
b) Type of pipe or system changes (C), and
c) Diameter (di) changes.
3. Layout calculation paths starting with
primary path then attachment paths
4. Fill in hydraulic calculation sheets

125
 Node Locations - Isometric
1-inch 15
1 ¼-inch 26
1 ¼-inch 37
1 ½-inch 4 89
1 ½-inch 1 ft riser nipple
1 ½-inch
L1 L2 L3 TOR
B B B main and riser
3-inch

15 ft
N

FF
Underground
4-inch PVC

M
CW
126
 Information Needed for Calculations
• Select initial pipe sizes
• Locate nodes on all places where:
– Flow (Q) takes place,
– Type of pipe or system changes (C), and
– Diameter (di) changes.
• Layout calculation paths starting with primary
path then attachment paths
• Fill in hydraulic calculation sheets

127
 Calculation Paths
• Main Path:

1 2 3 4 BL1 BL2

BL3 TOR

• Auxiliary Paths:
5 6 7 8 BL2

9 BL3
128
 Information Needed for Calculations
• Select initial pipe sizes
• Locate nodes on all places where:
– Flow (Q) takes place,
– Type of pipe or system changes (C), and
– Diameter (di) changes.
• Layout calculation paths starting with primary
path then attachment paths
• Fill in hydraulic calculation sheets

129
 Starting Sprinkler Values
• Each sprinkler covers an area of 125 ft2
• Each sprinkler is required to deliver a density
of 0.15 gpm/ft2
• Minimum flow per sprinkler:
125 ft2 x 0.15 gpm/ft2 = 18.8 gpm
• Minimum pressure for 18.8 gpm:
2
 18.8 gpm 
p   11.3 psi
 5.6 

130
 Data Summary…
Water Supply Information:
Static Pressure 90 psi @ 0 gpm
Residual Pressure 60 psi @ 1000 gpm
Hazard Classification OH - 1
System Type Wet
Ceiling Height 18 feet
Density/Area0.15 gpm/ft2 / 1500 ft2
Adjusted to 0.15 gpm/ft2 / 1080 ft2
Sprinkler Type Quick Response – Standard Spray
K – Factor K =5.6
Area Per Sprinkler 125 ft2
Minimum Sprinkler Flow 18.8 gpm
Minimum Pressure 11.3 psi
131
 Start With the Most Remote Sprinkler
1
2 1-inch
3 5
1 ¼-inch
4 6
1 ¼-inch
7
1 ½-inch
1 ½-inch 8

BL1 3-inch
9

BL2

BL3
132
 Starting the Calculation Sheet

Node Elev. 1 Flow – Nom. C-

this L (ft) Total (PT)
1 (ft) step (q) ID Factor
Fittings
Elevation

Pressure
K-factor

– F (ft)
amount (Pe) Notes
Total & Friction
Node Elev. 2 Actual
Flow length Loss
2 (ft) ID Friction
(Q) T (ft) (psi/ft)
(Pf)

10 C = 120 11.3
1 17.0 5.6 18.8 1-inch
--
0.116 --
2 17.0 18.8 1.049 10 1.2
12.5
Now determine the friction loss
133
 Second Sprinkler Calculation
18.8 gpm @
1
11.3 psi
2
3 1 ¼-inch
p  12.5 psi
4 1 ¼-inch qk p
1 ½-inch
1 ½-inch q2  5.6 12.5
q2  19.8 gpm

134
 Second Sprinkler - Calculation Sheet
Node Elev. 1 Flow – Nom. C-
this L (ft) Total (PT)
1 (ft) ID Factor
step (q)
Fittings Elevation

Pressure
K-factor
– F (ft) (Pe)
amount Notes
Total & Friction
Node Elev. 2 Actual
Flow length Loss
2 (ft) ID Friction
(Q) T (ft) (psi/ft)
(Pf)

10 C = 120 11.3
1 17.0 5.6 18.8 1-inch
-- --
0.116
2 17.0 18.8 1.049 10 1.2

2 17.0 5.6
19.8 1 ¼- 10 C = 120 12.5
inch ---- 0.116 --
3 17.0 38.6 1.380 10 1.2
13.7
What is the friction loss?
What is the total flow? 135
 Third Sprinkler Calculation
18.8 gpm @
1
11.3 psi
2 19.8 gpm @
3 12.5 psi
4 1 ¼-inch p  13.7 psi
1 ½-inch
1 ½-inch
qk p
q3  5.6 13.7
q3  20.7 gpm
136
 Third Sprinkler - Calculation Sheet
Flow –
Node Elev. 1 this Nom. L (ft) C- Total (PT)
1 (ft) ID Factor
step (q)
Fittings Elevation

Pressure
K-factor
– F (ft) (Pe)
amount Notes
Total & Friction
Node Elev. 2 Flow Actual Loss
2 (ft) ID length Friction
(Q) T (ft) (psi/ft)
(Pf)

1 ¼- 10 C = 120 12.5
2 17.0 5.6 19.8 inch ---- --
0.116
3 17.0 38.6 1.380 10 1.2

3 17.0 5.6
20.7 1 ¼- 10 C = 120 13.7

59.3
inch -- 0.256
2.6
--
4 17.0 1.380 10
16.3
What is the friction loss?
What is the total flow? 137
 Fourth Sprinkler Calculation
18.8 gpm @
1
11.3 psi
2 19.8 gpm @
3 12.5 psi
20.7 gpm @
4 13.7 psi

1 ½-inch
p  16.3 psi
1 ½-inch

qk p
q4  5.6 16.3
q4  22.6 gpm
138
 Fourth Sprinkler - Calculation Sheet
Flow –
Node Elev. 1 Nom. C- Total (PT)
this L (ft)
1 (ft) ID Factor
step (q)
Fittings Elevation

Pressure
K-factor
– F (ft) (Pe)
amount Notes
Total & Friction
Node Elev. 2 Actual
Flow length Loss
2 (ft) (Q) ID (psi/ft) Friction
T (ft) (Pf)

1 ¼- 10 C = 120 13.7
3 17.0 5.6 20.7
inch -- --
0.256
4 17.0 59.3 1.380 10 2.6
22.6 2T 19
C = 120 16.3
16 ft 16 0.219
1 ½-
4 17.0 5.6 0.4 P =
inch e

BL1 16.0 81.9 1.610 7.7 1 * 0.433 35

24.4
What is the total flow? What is the friction loss?
Are there any fittings? 139
 Branch Line 1
BL2 is identical to BL1 therefore an equivalent
K-factor can be used to balance the flow. 1
2
81.9 gpm @
3 Q
K
24.4 psi
4
P
81.9 gpm
KBL1 
BL1 24.4 psi
3-inch
KBL1  16.58
BL2

140
 Branch Line 1 - Calculation Sheet
Flow –
Node Elev. 1 Nom. C- Total (PT)
this L (ft)
1 (ft) step (q) ID Factor
Fittings Elevation

Pressure
K-factor
– F (ft) (Pe)
amount Notes
Total & Friction
Node Elev. 2 Actual
Flow length Loss
2 (ft) (Q) ID (psi/ft) Friction
T (ft) (Pf)

1 ½- 2T = 16 19 C = 120 16.3
4 17.0 5.6 22.6 Pe = 1 *
inch 16 0.4
0.219 0.433
BL1 16.0 81.9 1.610 35 7.7

BL1 16.0 -- 3-inch

13 C = 120 24.4
KBL1 =
--
BL2 16.0 81.9 0.1
3.260 13
0.007 16.58
24.5
What is the friction loss?
What is the new flow?
What is the total flow? Are there any fittings? 141
 Branch Line 2
BL2 is identical to BL1 therefore the
K-factor from BL1 can be used to
calculate the flow. 5
81.9 gpm @ 6
24.4 psi 7
8 KBL1  16.58

BL1 qBL2  16.58 24.5

qBL2  82.1 gpm
p  24.5 psi BL2
3-inch

BL3
142
Node Elev. 1 Branch
Flow – Line
this
Nom. 2 - Calculation
L (ft)
C- SheetTotal (P )
T
1 (ft) ID Factor
step (q)
Fittings Elevation

Pressure
K-factor

– F (ft) (Pe)
amount Notes
Total & Friction
Node Elev. 2 Actual
Flow length Loss
2 (ft) ID Friction
(Q) T (ft) (psi/ft)
(Pf)

12.5 C = 120 24.4

BL1 16.0 -- 3-inch KBL1 =
-- --
0.007 16.58
BL2 16.0 81.9 3.260 12.5 0.1

BL2 16.0
82.1 3-inch
12.5 C = 120 24.5

0.3
-- 0.026 --
BL3 16.0 164.0 3.260 12.5

What is the 24.8

friction loss?
What is the
Aretotal
thereflow?
any fittings? 143
 Branch Line 3
81.9 gpm @
24.4 psi

82.1 gpm @
24.5 psi
BL1
9

BL2 BL3 is different from the other

two calculated for this system.
p  24.8 psi BL3 It will have to be calculated
from the farthest point
working toward the branch
line and then balanced.
144
 Branch Line 3 - Calculation Sheet
Flow –
Node Elev. 1 Nom. C- Total (PT)
1 (ft) this ID L (ft) Factor
step (q)
Fittings Elevation

Pressure
K-factor
– F (ft) (Pe)
amount Notes
Total & Friction
Node Elev. 2 Flow Actual Loss
2 (ft) ID length Friction
(Q) T (ft) (psi/ft)
(Pf)

9 17.0 5.6 18.8 1 ½-

inch
2T 1619 C = 120
0.014 0.4
11.3 Pe =
16 ft 35 0.5 1 * 0.433
BL3 16.0 18.8 1.610
12.2
BL3
Now determine the friction loss
Fittings?
Starting flow value is used:
q = 0.15 gpm/ft2 * 125 ft2 145
 Branch Line 3
81.9 gpm @
24.4 psi

82.1 gpm @
Q
BL1
24.5 psi
K
9 P
BL2 18.8 gpm
18.8 gpm @ KBL3 
12.2 psi 12.2 psi
p  24.8 psi BL3
KBL3  5.38

146
 Branch Line 3 – Balancing Point
Flow –
Node Elev. 1 this Nom. L (ft) C-Factor Total (PT)
1 (ft) ID
step (q)
Fittings Elevation

Pressure
K-factor
– F (ft) (Pe)
amount Notes
Total & Friction
Node Elev. 2 Flow Actual Loss
2 (ft) ID length Friction
(Q) T (ft) (psi/ft)
(Pf)

12.5 C = 120 24.5

BL2 16.0 82.1 3-inch q = 16.58
-- --
0.026 (24.5)0.5
BL3 16.0 164.0 3.260 12.5 0.3
26.8 182.8 C = 120 24.8
5.38

BL3 16.0 3-inch q = 5.38

(24.8)0.5
FF 1.0 190.8 3.260

Fittings
147
 Branch Line 3 - Fittings
BL3 to FF has an elbow, alarm check valve, and gate valve.
3-inch El – std 90 per Table 22.4.3.1.1: 7 feet
3-inch ACV – Viking Model J-1 per cut sheets: 10 feet
3-inch GV per Table 22.4.3.1.1: 1 foot
El and GV need to be adjusted for Schedule 10 pipe sizes.
4.87
 3.260 
L equivalent  8ft *  
 3.068 
L equivalent  8ft * 1.344  10.7ft
148
 Branch Line 3 – Balancing Point (continued)
Flow –
Node Elev. 1 Nom. Total (PT)
this L (ft) C-Factor
1 (ft) ID
step (q)
Fittings Elevation

Pressure
K-factor
– F (ft) (Pe)
amount Notes
Total & Friction
Node Elev. 2 Actual
Flow length Loss
2 (ft) (Q) ID (psi/ft) Friction
T (ft) (Pf)

12.5 C = 120 24.5

BL2 16.0 82.1 3-inch q = 16.58
-- -- (24.5)0.5
0.026
BL3 16.0 164.0 3.260 12.5 0.3
ACV=10 182.8 C = 120 24.8
BL3 16.0 26.8 3-inch
El=9.4 20.7 6.5
0.034 6.9
q = 5.38
(24.8)0.5
FF 1.0 190.8 3.260 GV=1.3 203.5
Pe = 15 *
38.2 0.433

Friction Loss? 149

 System Underground
main and riser
N 3-inch

Underground pipe is PVC. FF

5 ft
C-factor is 150 per Table

12 ft
22.4.4.7. 4-inch PVC
(ID – 4.240 inches)
Long turn elbows are Long Turn

M
typically used underground Elbow

CW
42 ft
and cause less turbulence to
the flow in the pipe.

150
 Underground – Calculation Sheet
Flow –
Node Elev. 1 Nom. Total (PT)
1 (ft) this ID L (ft) C-Factor
step (q)
Fittings Elevation

Pressure
K-factor
– F (ft) (Pe)
amount Notes
Total & Friction
Node Elev. 2 Flow Actual Loss
2 (ft) ID length Friction
(Q) T (ft) (psi/ft)
(Pf)

ACV=10 182.8 C = 120 24.8 q = 5.38

BL3 16.0 26.8 3-inch (24.8)0.5
El=9.4 20.7 6.5 Pe=15 *
0.034
FF 1.0 190.8 3.260 GV=1.3 203.5 6.9 0.433
El 54 C = 150 38.2
FF 1.0 -- 4-inch
GV
CWM -4.0 190.8 4.240

Equivalent length of fittings? 151

 System Underground - Fittings
main and riser
3-inch
Fittings per Table 22.4.3.1.1: N

Long turn elbow – 6 feet FF

5 ft
Gate valve – 2 feet

12 ft
4-inch PVC
(ID – 4.240 inches)

Long Turn

M
Elbow

CW
42 ft

4.87
 4.240 
L equivalent  8ft * 1.51 *    15.5ft
 4.026 
152
 Underground – Calculation Sheet
Flow –
Node Elev. 1 Nom. Total (PT)
1 (ft) this ID L (ft) C-Factor
step (q)
Fittings Elevation

Pressure
K-factor
– F (ft) (Pe)
amount Notes
Total & Friction
Node Elev. 2 Flow Actual Loss
2 (ft) ID length Friction
(Q) T (ft) (psi/ft)
(Pf)

ACV=10 182.8 C = 120 24.8 q = 5.38

BL3 16.0 26.8 3-inch (24.8)0.5
El=9.4 20.7 6.5 Pe=15 *
0.034
FF 1.0 190.8 3.260 GV=1.3 203.5 6.9 0.433
El 54 C = 150 38.2
FF 1.0 -- 4-inch
GV 15.5 0.009 2.2 Pe = 5 *
CWM -4.0 190.8 4.240 69.5 0.6 0.433
41.0
Friction loss? 153
 Hose Stream – Calculation Sheet
Flow –
Node Elev. 1 this Nom. L (ft) C-Factor Total (PT)
1 (ft) ID
step (q)
Fittings Elevation

Pressure
K-factor
– F (ft) (Pe)
amount Notes
Total & Friction
Node Elev. 2 Flow Actual Loss
2 (ft) ID length Friction
(Q) T (ft) (psi/ft)
(Pf)

El 54 C = 150 38.2
FF 1.0 -- 4-inch Pe = 5 *
GV 15.5 2.2
0.009 0.433
CWM -4.0 190.8 4.240 69.5 0.6

Hose -4.0
250 41.0

CWM -4.0 440.8

System demand is 441 gpm @ 41 psi.
Hose stream for OH1?
154
 Water Supply
120
Flow Test
110 Summary Sheet
90 psi static
100
pressure
90

80
60 psi residual
Pressure (psi)

70 pressure at 1000 gpm

60 System Demand
190.8 gpm @ 41.0 psi
50

40
With Hose Stream
30
441 gpm @ 41.0 psi
20

10

0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Flow (gpm)
155
 Another Example
• Comparison of various sprinkler options for
protecting a Storage Occupancy
– Commodity: Computers in corrugated cardboard
boxes with appreciable plastic trim (Class IV)
• What are the options?

156
 Comparison Example (continued)
• For comparison purposes all systems will be:
– Palletized Storage
– 20-foot Maximum Storage Height
– Installed per NFPA 13
– Wet Type System
– Class IV Commodity

157
 Sprinkler System Comparison
(General Storage, Class IV, 20-ft high)
Sprinkler Design # Flow/
Type K-Factor Area Sprinklers Sprinkler Pressure Total Flow

5.6 2000 20 39 48.5 900

CMSA High Temperature Ordinary Temperature

8.0 2000 20 39 23.8 900

11.2 2000 20 39 12.9 900

14.0 2000 20 44.27 10 1018

5.6 2000 20 30 28.7 690

8.0 2000 20 30 14 690
11.2 2000 20 34.8 10 800

14.0 2000 20 44.3 10 1019

11.2 1950 15 78 50 1345.5

11.2 2600 20 55 25 1265
158
 Reviewing Computer Calculations
• Checking the input data
• Checking the output data

159
 Reviewing Inputs
• Are the hydraulic nodes the same on the
calculation and the plans?
• Are the sprinklers used in the calculation the
same as on the plans?
• Are the pipes the same type, schedule and
size as on the plans?
• Is the water supply information the same as
the flow test or design basis?

160
 Reviewing Inputs (continued)
• Check number of sprinklers in design area
• Check location of sprinklers to verify that the
most demanding area is being calculated
• Check the number of sprinklers in design area
on each branch line

161
 Reviewing Fire Pump Inputs
• How does the software program treat fire
pumps?
– When the program only inputs one data point
(rated flow and pressure of the fire pump), there
will be variance from the actual fire pump curve.
– When the program inputs at least 3 data points, it
can produce the correct performance curve for
the fire pump

162
 Reviewing Outputs
• Does the flow into each node equal the flow
out of the node?

75 gpm 50 gpm

25 gpm

Correct

163
 Reviewing Outputs (continued)
• Check friction loss between hydraulic nodes
with Hazen-Williams formula
• Check equivalent lengths of fittings to make
sure that the C-factor and the inside diameter
adjustments have been made where
necessary
• Make sure elevation changes are recorded in
the pipes when applicable

164
 Reviewing Outputs (continued)
• Check that the minimum density has been met
– The design area used should be multiplied by the
density.
– The value in the hydraulic calculations should be
higher than the minimum density times area due
to pressure losses in the system.
– Typical systems run 10 to 20 percent above the
minimum.

165
Thank you for attending!

National Fire Sprinkler Association

40 Jon Barrett Road
Patterson, NY 12563
(845) 878-4200
www.nfsa.org
16