Cements

CIVE 321
Construction Materials

Dr. Adel El Kordi

Professor
Civil and Environmental
Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering

1
 The raw materials that are used to manufacture cement (mainly
limestone and clay)

2
 THE CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS

1- quarry
BLASTING . TRANSPORT . dumper
loader

Quarry face

CRUSHING & TRANSPORTATION .

storage at
crushing
the plant
conveyor

• BLASTING : The raw materials that are used to manufacture cement (mainly limestone
and clay) are blasted from the quarry.
• TRANSPORT : The raw materials are loaded into a dumper.
• CRUSHING AND TRANSPORTATION : The raw materials, after crushing, are transported
3to the plant by conveyor. The plant stores the materials before they are homogenized.
 THE CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS

2- Raw grinding and burning

RAW GRINDING .

preheating BURNING .

kiln

cooling

clinker

• RAW GRINDING : The raw materials are very finely ground to produce the raw mix.
• BURNING : The raw mix is preheated before it goes into the kiln, which is heated by a
flame that can be as hot as 2000 °C. The raw mix burns at 1500 °C producing clinker
which, when it leaves the kiln, is rapidly cooled with air fans. So, the raw mix is burnt
to produce clinker : the basic material needed to make cement.
4
 THE CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS

3- Grinding, storage, packing, dispatch

Gypsum and the secondary additives are added
.to the clinker
clinker
storage Finish grinding

GRINDING

STORAGE, PACKING, DISPATCH .

silos

dispatch

bags

.GRINDING : The clinker and the gypsum are very finely ground giving a “pure cement”.
Other secondary additives and cementitious materials can also be added to make a
blended cement.
.STORAGE, PACKING, DISPATCH :The cement is stored in silos before being dispatched
either in bulk or in bags to its final destination.
5
 Gypsum
Clinker

6
 Background: Portland Cement Clinker
Components,Oxides & Compounds.

Oxides Compounds
Fe2O3 C4AF

AL2O3 C3A

SiO2 C2S
7 CaO C3S
 Chemical Composition & Industrial Process
Preparing
Preparing row
row materials
materials
Lime
Lime stone
stone Sand
Sand silt
silt Iron
Iron Ore
Ore
Ca
Ca CO3.2H2O
CO3.2H2O SiO2
SiO2 Fe2O3+
Fe2O3+ Al2O3+Sio3+SiO2
Al2O3+Sio3+SiO2 Fe2O3
Fe2O3
Crushing
Crushing &
& Pre-Heating
Pre-Heating
Calcium
Calcium Oxide
Oxide Silicon OxideAluminum
Silicon Oxide Aluminum && Ferric
Ferric Oxides
Oxides Ferric
Ferric oxide
oxide
Ca
Ca O
O SiO2
SiO2 Fe2O3+
Fe2O3+ Al2O3+SiO3
Al2O3+SiO3 Fe2O3
Fe2O3

Weighing
Weighing ,, kiln
kiln feeding
feeding &
& burning
burning
Tri-calcium
Tri-calcium Di-
Di- Tri-calcium
Tri-calcium Tetra
Tetra calcium
calcium Aluminates
Aluminates
Silicate
Silicate calciumSilicat
calciumSilicat Aluminates
Aluminates Ferrite
Ferrite
C
C33S
S e
e
clinker for
of clinker
Phases of C
C33A
different types
for different A cements
Portland cements
of Portland
types of C
C44AF
AF
C
C22S
Phases
S
Adding proper
Adding ratio of
proper ratio gypsum &
of gypsum grinding
& grinding

Type
Type II Type
Type II
II Type
Type III
III Type
Type IV
IV Type
Type V
V

OPC
OPC Modified
Modified PC
PC High
High early
early PC
PC Low
Low heat
heat PC
PC SRC
SRC

8
 Formation of Chemical Reactions.

Fe22O33 AL22O33 CaO

C44AF

AL22O3 CaO

C33A SiO22 CaO

C22S CaO

C33S
9
 Effect of changes in Fe2O3
on the C4AF and C3A

C4AF

Fe2O3
C 3A

10
 Effect of changes in SiO2
on the C2S and C3S

C2S

SiO2

C3S

11
 Cement Compounds & Hydration

Tr-calcium Gaining
Aluminates Form the compressive
Gel CSH
C3A paste strength
structure
Tetra calcium
Portland Cement.

Aluminates
Ferrite
Ca (OH)2 Fill the Provide alkaline
C4AF
+
pores protective
Hydration paste medium for
Tri-calcium
Silicate process. structure steel bars

C3S Voids
Voids
Heat
Heat of
of Reduce
Di-calcium
Silicate Hydration
Hydration + Durability
Cracks
C2S
12
 Cement Phases & rate of releasing
.heat of hydration
800
Tr-calcium
Aluminate 750
s 710
C3A Hydration
process
Portland Cement.

Heat Of hydration
Tri-calcium
Silicate

C3S 420
380
Tetra calcium 330
Aluminates
Ferrite
C4AF 170
130
Di-calcium 80 130
80
Silicate 40
C2S day 3 day 7 day 28
13
 Effect of Heat of hydration on durability

Fat
Calories Per Gram
Fat 9

Starch
Starch 4

Sugars
Sugars 4

Proteins
Proteins 4

Type
TypeIIII 63 (7d.)

Type
TypeI I 80 (7d.)

Cement heat of hydration is one of the most important factors

affecting durability as it increases generation of cracks in concrete and
causes concrete deterioration specially in the aggressive media.
14
 .Hydration of cement phases
3days 7days 28days
Tr-calcium Ettringite
Aluminates Setting of Hydration process.
C3A cement paste
Mono
Tetra calcium
Portland
Portland Cement.

Aluminates
Ferrite
Setting of ( sulfate)
cement paste
C4AF
phases
Cement.

Early
compressive
Tri-calcium Silicate C3S
strength CSH
3days &7days

Di-calcium
ultimate
compressive +
Silicate C2S strength
starting from
CH
28days
15
 Heat Of Hydratıon
1. Hydration process of cement is accompanied
by heat generation (exothermic).
2. As concrete is a fair insulator, the generated
heat in mass concrete may result in
expansion & cracking. This could be
overcome by using suitable cement type.
3. It could also be advantages for cold wheather
concreting.
4. The heat of hydration of OPC is on the order
of 85-100 cal/gr.
5. About 50% of this heat is liberatedwithin 1-3
days & 75% within 7 days.
6. By limiting C3S&C3A content heat of
hydration can be reduced.
Heat of Hydration of Pure Compounds

Heat of
• The amount of heat
Hydration liberated is affected by
(cal/gr)
  the fractions of the
C3S 120 compounds of the
C2S 62 cement.
C3A 207
C4AF 100 • Heat of Hydration(cal/gr)=
• 120*(%C3S)+62*(%C2S)
+207*(%C3A)
+100*(C4AF)
 The requirement of ASTM C 150 varies in the
: three types of cement as follows

C3A
1. The content Of C3A . Type V SRC Type II Type I OPC
5% 8%
2. The Content of SO3.
Type V SRC Type II Type I OPC
2.5% 3% 3.5 %
SO3
For type II chemical analysis is more restrict consenting defining the content of each
of:
• Silicone oxide 20% minimum,
• Aluminum oxide & ferric Oxide that are 6% maximum
• Summation of contents of the component C3S & Component C3A is 58 %
maximum

Type II production needs more accuracy in Quality control

as
18 it is more restricted in its components
 Effects of cement chemical components & physical
properties on concrete properties
Cement Effects
Place ability Cement amount, fineness, setting characteristics
Strength Cement composition (C3S, C2S and C3A), loss on ignition,
fineness
Drying Shrinkage SO3 content, cement composition
Permeability Cement composition, fineness
Resistance to sulfate C3A content
Resistance to
C3A content
Chlorides
Alkali Silica Alkali content
Reactivity
Cracking Cement content, Heat of hydration, C3A, C3S, air entrained
Corrosion of Cement Composition (esp. C3A content) steel
embedded

C3A content is the most important component affecting properties of concrete .

19
 Cement
Hydration

20
 Types of PC (ASTM C 150)
Portland cement types and their uses:
Cement Use
type
I1 General purpose cement, when there are no extenuating conditions

II2 Aids in providing moderate resistance to sulfate attack

III When high-early strength is required

IV3 when low heat of hydration is required`
V4 When high sulfate resistance is required
IA4 A type I cement containing an integral air-entraining agent

IIA4 A type II cement containing an integral air-entraining agent

IIIA4 A type III cement containing an integral air-entraining agent

1 Cements that simultaneously meet requirements of Type I and Type II are also widely available.
2 Type II low alkali (total alkali as Na2O < 0.6%) is often specified in regions where aggregates susceptible to alkali-silica reactivity are employed.
3 Type IV cements are only available on special request.
21 4 These cements are in limited production and not widely available.
 Standard Cements (ASTM)
• Type I: Ordinary Portland Cement
Suitable to be used in general concrete construction
when special properties are not required.

• Type II: Modified Portland Cement

Suitable to be used in general concrete construction.
Main difference between Type I&II is the moderate
sulfate resistance of Type II cement due to
relatively low C3A content (≤%8). Since C3A is
limited rate of reactions is slower and as a result
heat of hydration at early ages is less. *It is
suitable to be used in small scale mass concrete
like retaining walls.
Type III: High Early Strength P.C.
Strength development is rapid.
3 days f’c=7 days f’c of Type I
It is useful for repair works, cold weather &
for early demolding.
Its early strength is due to higher C3S & C3A
content.

Type IV: Low Heat P.C.

Generates less heat during hydration &
therefore gain of strengthis slower.
In standards a minimum value of
C3S&C3A& a maximum value for C2S are
placed. It is used in mass-concrete and hot-
weather concreting.
 Type III
High Early
Strength
Cements

24
 Moderate and Low
Heat Cements

25
• Type V: Sulfate Resistant P.C.
• Used in construction where concrete will be
subjected to external sulfate attack –
chemical plants, marine & harbor structures.
• During hydration C3A reacts with gypsum &
water to form ettringite. In hardened cement
paste calcium-alumino-hydrate can react
with calcium & alumino sulfates, from
external sources, to form ettringite which
causes expansion & cracking.
• C-H and sulfates can react & form gypsum
which again causes expansion & cracking.
• * In Type V C3A is limited to 5%.
 Type II & Type V
Sulfate Resistant
Cements

27
 Outdoor Sulfate Test
Type V Cement Type V Cement
W/C-ratio = 0.65 W/C-ratio = 0.39

28
Type IA, IIA, IIIA: Air Entrained Portland
Cement
Only difference is adding an air-
entraining agent to the cement during
manufacturing to increase freeze-thaw
resistance by providing small sized air
bubbles in concrete.
30
 Average Compound
ASTM Type & Name Composition
of P.C.
C3S C2S C3A C4AF  
Type I - O.P.C. 49 25 12 8 General Purpose
For Moderate Heat of
Type II - Modified 46 29 6 12 Hydration
Type III - High Early C3S&C3A increased, C2S
Strength 56 15 12 8 decreased
Type IV - Low Heat
P.C. 30 46 5 13 C2S increased

Type V - Sulfate Limit on C3A≤5%,

Resistant P.C. 43 36 4 12 2C3A+C4AF≤25%
 SEMs of Hardened
Cement Paste

32
 Scanning Electron Micrograph of
Powdered Cement

33
 Fineness of cement
As hydration takes place at the surface of
the cement particles, it is the surface area
of cement particles which provide the
material available for hydration. The rate of
hydration is controlled by fineness of
cement. For a rapid rate of hydration a
.higher fineness is necessary
,However
1. Finer cements requires higher
grinding (cost)
2. Finer cements deteriorate faster upon
exposure to atmosphere.
3. Finer cements are very sensitive to
alkali-aggregate reaction.
4. Finer cements require more gypsum
for proper hydration.
5. Finer cements require more water.
• Fineness of cement is determined by
air permeability methods. For example,
in the Blaine air permeability method a
known volume of air is passed through
cement. The time is recorded and the
specific surface is calculated by a
formula.
• Fineness is expressed in terms of
specific surface of the cement (cm2/gr).
For OPC specific surface is 2600-3000
cm2/gr.
 Sieving

Blaine Apparatus
 Setting of cement
• Setting refers to a change from liquid state to
solid state. Although, during setting cement
paste acquires some strength, setting is
different from hardening.

• The water content has a marked effect on the

time of setting. In acceptance tests for
cement, the water content is regulated by
bringing the paste to a standard condition of
wetness. This is called “normal consistency”.
• Normal consistency of O.P.C. Ranges from 20-
30% by weight of cement.
• Vicat apparatus is used to determine normal
consistency. Normal consistency is that
condition for which the penetration of a
standard weighed plunger into the paste is
10mm in 30sec. By trial & error determine the
w/c ratio.
• In practice, the terms initial set&final set are
used to describe arbitrary chosen time of
setting. Initial set indicates the beginning of a
noticeable stiffening & final set may be
regarded as the start of hardening (or
complete loss of plasticity).
 Consistency of Cement Paste

ASTM C 187
Vicat plunger

40
 Setting Time

ASTM C 191
Vicat apparatus
Vicat Needle

41
• Setting can be obtained by using the vicat
apparatus.

• Initial setting time>45min

• ASTM C150
• Final setting time<375min

• Initial > 1hr (60min)

• EN 19
• Final < 8hr (480min)
 Factors Affecting Setting Time

1. Temperature & Humidity

2. Amount of Water
3. Chemical Composition of Cement
4. Fineness of Cement (finer cement,
faster setting)
 Flash-set
• Abnormal Settings
False-set
• Flash-Set: is the immediate stiffening of
cement paste in a few minutes after mixing
with water. It is accompanied by large
amount of heat generation upon reaction of
C3A with water.
• Gypsum is placed in cement to prevent
flash-set. The rigidity can not be overcome &
plasticity may be regained with addition of
water.
• Causes of Flash-Set:
Amount of gypsum must be such that it will be
used upto almost hardening. Because
expansion caused by ettringite can be
distributed to the paste before hardening. More
gypsum will cause undesirable expansion after
hardening.

If there is no gypsum → Flash-set

more gypsum → Ettringite formation increases
which will cause cracking
• False-Set: is a rapid development of rigidity of
cement paste without generation of much heat.
This rigidity can be overcome & plasticity can
be regained by further mixing without addition
of water. In this way cement paste restores its
plasticity & sets in a normal manner without any
loss of strength.

• Probable Causes of False-Set:

• When gypsum is ground by too hot of a clinker,

gypsum may be dehydrated into hemihydrate
(CaSO4.1/2H2O) or anhydrate (CaSO4). These
materials when react with water, gypsum is
formed, which results in stiffening of the paste.
 Setting Times for Portland Cements

48
 Soundness of Cement
• Soundness is defined as the volume stability of
cement paste.
• The cement paste should not undergo large
changes in volume after it has set. Free CaO&MgO
may result in unsound cement. Upon hydration
C&M will form CH&MH with volume increase thus
cracking.
• Since unsoundness is not apparent until several
months or years, it is necessary to provide an
accelerated method for its determination.
1. Lechatelier Method: Only free CaO can be
determined.
2. Autoclave Method: Both free CaO&MgO can be
determined.
 Soundness Test

ASTM C 151 (AASHTO T 107)

50
 Consistency of Mortar

ASTM C 230 and ASTM C 1437

Flow table
51
 Strength of Cement
• Strength tests are not carried out on
neat cement pastes, because it is very
difficult to form these pastes due to
cohesive property of cement.

• Strength tests are carried out on

cement mortar prepared by standard
gradation (1 part cement + 3 parts sand
+ 1/2 part water)
 Mortar Cubes ASTM C 109

53
 Direct Tension (Tensile Strength):

P P

”1

”1

• σt=P/1in2

• Difficult test procedure

 Flexural Strength (tensile strength in
P
bending):
4cm
4cm

L
C

• σf=(M*C)/I
• M:maximum moment
• I:moment of inertia
• C:distance to bottom fiber from C.G.
Compression Test:
i) Cubic Sample ii)Flexural Sample after it
is broken
P

4cm 4cm

4cm

P
σc=P/A
σc=P/A A=4x4
 Strength Development of Mortar Cubes

59
 Density of Cement

Le Chatelier flask ( ASTM C 188)

60
61
 Oxide Common Name Abbreviation Approx. Amount (%)

CaO Lime C 60-67

SiO2 Silica S 17-25
Al2O3 Alumina A 3-8
Fe2O3 Iron-oxide F 0.5-6
MgO Magnesia M 0.1-4
Na2O Soda N
0.2-1.3
K2O Potassa K
Ś
SO3 Sulfuric Anhydride 1-3

• CaO→limestone
• SiO2-Al2O3→Clay
• Fe2O3→Impurity in Clays
• SO3→from gypsum→not from the clinker
 .A typical analysis of O.P.C
 The amount of oxides in a P.C. Depend on the proportioning of
the raw materials and how well the burning is done in the kiln.
The chemical composition is found by chemical analysis.
C 63.6 • Insoluble residue=0.2
S 20.7 • Loss on ignition=1.4
A 6
F 2.4
Ś 2.1
M 2.6
N 0.1
K 0.9
Free C 1.4
Total 99.8
 Insoluble Residue: is that fraction of cement which
is insoluble in HCl. It comes mainly from the silica
which has not reacted to form compounds during the
burning process in the kiln. All compounds of P.C. is
soluble in HCl except the silica.

 The amount of I.R., determined by chemical analysis,

serves to indicate the completeness of the reactions in
the kiln.

 ASTM C 150 → I.R. ≤ 0.75%

 Loss on Ignition (L.O.I.): is the loss in
weight of cement after being heated to
1000°C. It indicates the prehydration or
carbonation due to prolonged or improper
storage of cement & clinker.
 If cement is exposed to air, water & CO 2 are
absorbed & by heating the cement upto
1000°C loose these two substances.
 ASTM C 150 → L.O.I. ≤ 3% for O.P.C.
 European Standard EN 197
Cement

CEM I CEM II CEM III CEM IV CEM V

A B C A B A B

S D P Q V W T L LL M
slag Silica pozzolana Calcined - Siliceous Calcareous Burnt Lime Pure All
fume pozzolana Fly ash Fly ash shale stone Lime types
stone

66
A B
 European Standard EN 197

67
 European Standard EN 197

Cement Component
1. Main component
2. Minor additional constituents
3. Calcium sulphate (Gypsum)
4. Additives

Clinker + Main + Minor = 100% (mass) + Gypsum

Main > 5% by mass
Minor  5% by mass
68
TS EN 197-1
Main Component
K : Clinker
D : Silica Fume
P : Natural Pozzolan
Q : Calcined Natural Pozzolan
T : Calcined Shale
W : Class – C Fly Ash
V : Class – F Fly Ash
L : Limestone (Organic compound < 0.5%)
LL : Limestone (Organic compound < 0.2%)
S : Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
 Minor additional constituents
EN 197 allows for the inclusion of up to 5% by mass of a minor
additional constituent (or ‘mac’) in all types of cement
:Materials typically used as a ‘mac’ include
1. Finely ground limestone
2. Fly Ash
3. Cement kiln dust (CKD)

Example:
Example:AAfly
flyash
ash‘mac’
‘mac’should
shouldnot
notbe
be
used
usedin
inaaPortland-
Portland-fly
flyash
ashcement
cement
(CEM
(CEM II/B-V)
II/B-V)

70
 European Standard EN 197
Designation Description
CEM I Portland cement
CEM II :Portland-composite cements including
Portland-fly ash cement (CEM II/A-V, CEM II/B-V)-
Portland-slag cement (CEM II/A-S, CEM II/B-S)-
Portland-limestone cement (CEM II/A-L (LL), CEM-
II/B-L (LL)
CEM III Blast furnace cements (CEM III/A, CEM III/B, CEM III/C)

CEM IV Pozzolanic cements (CEM IV/A, CEM IV/B)

CEM V Composite cements

71
 CEM I Cement

Designation Name Clinker % Minor additional %

constituents

CEM I Portland 95-100 0-5

cement

(CEM I) is not (OPC)

95-100% K + 0-5% Minor

72
 Common CEM II Cements

Designation of Sec. % %
Second Main
Name Main Clinker
Constituent
Constituent
CEM II/A-L(LL) Portland- 6-20 80-94
CEM II/B-L(LL) limestone Limestone 21-35 65-79
cement
CEM II/A-D Portland- Silica fume 6-10 90-94
silica fume
cement
CEM II/A-V Portland-fly 6-20 80-94
Fly ash
CEM II/B-V ash cement 21-35 65-79
CEM II/A-P Portland- 6-20 80-94
CEM II/B-P pozolana pozolana 21-35 65-79
cement
CEM II/A-S Portland- Slag 6-20 80-94
CEM II/B-S Slag cement 21-35 65-79
73
CEM II : Portland Composite Cement

CEM II/A-S : Portland Slag Cement

80-94% K + 6-20% S + 0-5% Minor
CEM II/B-S : Portland Slag Cement
65-79% K + 21-35% S + 0-5% Minor
CEM II/B-P : Portland Pozzolanic Cement
65-79% K + 21-35% P + 0-5% Minor
CEM II/A-V : Portland Fly Ash Cement
80-94% K + 6-20% V + 0-5% Minor
 CEM III Cements - Blast furnace cements

Designation Name Second Main of Sec. % %

Constituent Main Clinker
Constituent
CEM III/A Blast )A( 36-65 35-64
Blast furnace
CEM III/B furnace )B( 66-80 20-34
slag
CEM III/C cement ) C( 81-95 5-19

A : Lowest amount of mineral admixture

B : Mineral admixture amount is > A
C : Mineral admixture amount is > B

76
CEM III : Blast Furnace Slag Cement

CEM III/A : Blast Furnace Slag Cement

K + 36-65% S + 0-5% Minor 35-64%
CEM III/B : Blast Furnace Slag Cement
K + 66-80% S + 0-5% Minor 20-34%
CEM III/C : Blast Furnace Slag Cement
K + 81-95% S + 0-5% Minor 5-19%
 CEM IV Cements - Pozzolanic
cements

Designation Name Second Main of Sec. % %

Constituent Main Clinker
Constituent
CEM IV/A Fly ash, 11-35 65-89
CEM IV/B Pozzolanic natural 36-55 45-64
cement Pozzolana or
silica fume

78
 CEM IV : Pozzolanic Cement

CEM IV/A : Pozzolanic Cement

65-89% K + 11-35% (D,P,Q,V,W) + 0-5% Minor
CEM IV/B : Pozzolanic Cement
45-64% K + 36-55% (D,P,Q,V,W) + 0-5% Minor
 CEM V Cements - Composite
cements
Designation Name Additional of % %
Main Additional Clinker
Constituents .Constituents
CEM V/A Composite x 2 )30 – 18( 40-64
Two
CEM V/B cement x 2 )50 – 31( 20-38

Example
Composite cement with:18-30% ggbs (S) and 18-
30% siliceous fly ash (V) plus clinker; would be
:designated as
CEM V/A (S-V) 32.5N

80
 Strength Classes
There are three cement strength classes, based on
the minimum 28 day strength
32.5 42.5 52.5

• On basis of strength development, each class can

be divided in to:
– L: Low early strength
– N: Normal strength development
– R: High early strength

Example: class 32.5R52.5N

81
 Strength Classes
Strength .Min .Min .Min .Max
Class Day 2 Day 7 Day 28 Day 28

N 32.5 - 16 32.5 52.5

R 32.5 10 - 32.5 52.5
N 42.5 10 - 42.5 62.5
R 42.5 20 - 42.5 62.5
N 52.5 20 - 52.5 -
R 52.5 30 - 52.5 -
82
 Blast furnace cements
(CEM III/A, CEM III/B)
Strength .Min .Min .Min .Max
Class Day 2 Day 7 Day 28 Day 28
L 32.5 - 12 32.5 52.5
L 42.5 - 16 42.5 62.5
L 52.5 10 - 52.5 -

These
Theselow
low early
earlystrength
strengthclasses
classesapply
apply
only
onlyto
toES
ES4756-1/2005
4756-1/2005 CEM
CEM III
III cements
cements
83
 Low Heat Cements

• ES 4756-1/2005 now covers some low heat

cements
• ‘Low Heat’ is defined as a characteristic heat
of hydration not exceeding 270 J/g
(measured at 7 days (EN 196-8) or 41 hrs
(EN 196-9))
• Low heat cements carry an ‘–LH’ suffix i.e.:

Example:
Example: CEM
CEMIII/B
III/B42.5R
42.5R-- LH
LH

84
 CEMENTS DESIGNATED

Example:
Example: CEM
CEM II/A-LL
II/A-LL 42.5
42.5 N
N
CEM II: Portland composite cement

‘A’ signifies low proportion of second

constituent (6-20% in this case)
‘L’ or ‘LL’ signifies limestone as the
second main constituent (‘LL’ signifies
high purity limestone)
42.5 N: Cement strength class 42.5
Normal strength development
Portland-limestone
Portland-limestonecement
cement
85
 Cement Properties (Class 42.5N)
Property Cement to be tested Limiting Value
Initial set All Min 60 mins
Soundness All Max 10 mm
Loss on ignition CEM I, CEM III Max 5.0 % (C150=3%)
Insoluble residue CEM I, CEM III Max 5.0 % (C150=0.75%)
CEM I, CEM II, CEM IV, Max 3.5 % (C150 → SO3
Sulphate CEM V ≤ 3% in O.P.C.)
CEM III Max 4 %
Chloride All Max 0.10 %
Pozzolanicity CEM IV Meets requirements
Composition All Meets requirements
Heat of hydration Low heat common Max 270 J/g
cements
86