HC110110013 IP Addressing

IP Addressing
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Foreword
The Internet Protocol (IP) is designed to provide a means for internetwork

communication that is not supported by lower layer protocols such as
Ethernet. The implementation of logical (IP) addressing enables the
Internet Protocol to be employed by other protocols for the forwarding of
data in the form of packets between networks. A strong knowledge of IP
addressing must be attained for effective network design along with clear
familiarity of the protocol behavior, to support a clear understanding of the
implementation of IP as a routed protocol.
Copyright © 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 2
Objectives
Upon completion of this section, trainees will be able to:

 Describe the fields and characteristics contained within IP.
 Distinguish between public, private and special IP address ranges.
 Successfully implement VLSM addressing.
 Explain the function of an IP gateway.
Next Header Processing
6 Bytes 6 Bytes 2 Bytes 46-1500 Bytes 4 Bytes
DMAC SMAC Type Data FCS
IP 0x0800
 The next set of instructions for processing are referenced in the

type field of the frame header.
IP Packet Header
20-60 Bytes
IP Data
0 16 31
Header DS Field Total Length
Version
Length
Identification Flags Fragment Offset

Fixed
Message Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum 20
Header Bytes
Source IP Address
Destination IP Address
IP Options
IP Fragmentation
Host A Host B
L3
L2 L2

Version
Length
Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum
Source IP Address
IP Options
Time To Live
Host A Host B
TTL=255 TTL=254 TTL=253

Version
Length
Source IP Address
IP Options
Protocol Field
IP Data
0x06/0x11 TCP/UDP
0x01 ICMP

Version
Length
Source IP Address
IP Options
IP Addressing
Network Host
192.168.1 .1
11000000.10101000.00000001 .00000001
 The IP address identifies networks, and network hosts.

 Binary is the base numbering system used for IP addressing
IP Addressing
Network Address
192.168.1 .0
11000000.10101000.00000001 .00000000
Broadcast Address
192.168.1 .255
11000000.10101000.00000001 11111111
 The upper and lower most host address values are reserved.
Decimal, Binary and Hexadecimal
Format Value Range Base Value
Binary 0—1 2
Decimal 0—9 10
Hexadecimal 0—F 16
 Binary and Hexadecimal are common numbering systems used

within IP networks.
Binary vs. Decimal Conversion
Bit Order 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Binary
Power 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
Binary 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Decimal Binary Hexadecimal Decimal Binary Hexadecimal
0 00000000 00 9 00001001 09
1 00000001 01 10 00001010 0A
2 00000010 02 11 00001011 0B
3 00000011 03 12 00001100 0C
4 00000100 04 13 00001101 0D
5 00000101 05 14 00001110 0E
6 00000110 06 15 00001111 0F
… … …
7 00000111 07
255 11111111 FF
8 00001000 08
Binary Conversion
Network Host
Binary 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000001
27+26 27+25+23 20 20
Decimal 192 168 1 1
IP Address Classes
1.0.0.0~126.255.255.255
Class A 0 Network(8bit) Host (24bit)

Host (24bit)
128.1.0.0~191.254.255.255
Class B 10 Network (16bit) Host (16bit)
192.0.1.0~223.255.254.255
Class C
110 Network (24bit) Host (8bit)
224.0.0.0~239.255.255.255
Class D 1110 Multicast
240.0.0.0~255.255.255.254
Class E 1111 Experimental
IP Address Types
Private Address Ranges

Class A 10.0.0.0~10.255.255.255
Class B 172.16.0.0~172.31.255.255
Class C 192.168.0.0~192.168.255.255
Special Addresses
Diagnostic 127.0.0.0 ~ 127.255.255.255
Any Network 0.0.0.0
Network Broadcast 255.255.255.255
 The IP network address range has been divided, and certain

addresses and ranges assigned special functions in the
network.
IP Communication
Host A Host B
192.168.1.1 192.168.2.1
192.168.1.2 192.168.2.2
Host C Host D
Network Host
192 168 1 0
192 168 2 0
Subnet Mask
Network Host
192.168.1 0
11000000.10101000.000000001 00000000
Subnet
255.255.255 0
11111111.11111111.11111111 00000000
 Subnet masks distinguish between the binary values that

represent each (sub)network and those that represent each
host.
Default Subnet Mask
Class A 255 0 0 0
Class B 255 255 0 0
Class C 255 255 255 0
 Certain subnet masks are applied to address ranges by default

to denote the fixed range that is used for each network class.
Address Planning
IP Address 192 168 1 7
Subnet Mask 255 255 255 0
11000000 10101000 00000001 00000111

11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
Network Address
(Binary) 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000
Network Address 192 168 1 0

Host Addresses: 2n 256
Valid Hosts: 2n - 2 254
Case Scenario
Subnet Mask 255 255 0 0
Network Address ? ? ? ?
Host Addresses: 2n ?
Valid Hosts: 2n - 2 ?
 Determine the network for the given IP address, and the number
of actual, and valid host addresses in the network.
Addressing Limitations
192.168.2.0/24
192.168.1.0/24 20 Hosts
30 Hosts 192.168.3.0/24
10 Hosts
 Network design using the default subnet mask results in

address wastage
VLSM Calculation
Subnet Mask 255 255 255 128
11000000 10101000 00000001 00000111

11111111 11111111 11111111 10000000
11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000
Network Address 192 168 1 0

Host Addresses: 2n 128
Valid Hosts: 2n - 2 126
VLSM Case Scenario
20 Hosts
30 Hosts
10 Hosts
 Using only the network 192.168.1.0/24, implement VLSM for the

given number of hosts in each network segment.
Classless Inter-Domain Routing
10.24.0.0/24
10.24.1.0/24
Announce route
10.24.0.0/22
10.24.2.0/24
10.24.3.0/24
IP Gateways
Host A L3 Host B
L2 L2
192.168.1.1 192.168.1.253 192.168.2.253 192.168.2.1
Host A Host B
L3 L3
192.168.1.1 L2 192.168.2.1
 Gateways use IP to forward packets between networks

 Hosts may act as gateways between networks in a LAN
Summary
 What is the IP subnet mask used for?

 What is the purpose of the TTL field in the IP header?
 How are gateways used in an IP network?
Thank you
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IP Addressing

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

The Internet Protocol (IP) is designed to provide a means for internetwork

Upon completion of this section, trainees will be able to:

6 Bytes 6 Bytes 2 Bytes 46-1500 Bytes 4 Bytes

DMAC SMAC Type Data FCS

 The next set of instructions for processing are referenced in the

Identification Flags Fragment Offset

Header DS Field Total Length

Identification Flags Fragment Offset

Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum

TTL=255 TTL=254 TTL=253

Header DS Field Total Length

Identification Flags Fragment Offset

Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum

Header DS Field Total Length

Identification Flags Fragment Offset

Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum

 The IP address identifies networks, and network hosts.

Format Value Range Base Value

 Binary and Hexadecimal are common numbering systems used

Decimal Binary Hexadecimal Decimal Binary Hexadecimal

Binary 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000001

Decimal 192 168 1 1

Class A 0 Network(8bit) Host (24bit)

Class B 10 Network (16bit) Host (16bit)

Class D 1110 Multicast

Class E 1111 Experimental

Private Address Ranges

 The IP network address range has been divided, and certain

 Subnet masks distinguish between the binary values that

Class B 255 255 0 0

Class C 255 255 255 0

 Certain subnet masks are applied to address ranges by default

IP Address 192 168 1 7

Subnet Mask 255 255 255 0

11000000 10101000 00000001 00000111

Network Address 192 168 1 0

Subnet Mask 255 255 0 0

 Network design using the default subnet mask results in

IP Address 192 168 1 7

Subnet Mask 255 255 255 128

11000000 10101000 00000001 00000111

11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000

Network Address 192 168 1 0

 Using only the network 192.168.1.0/24, implement VLSM for the

192.168.1.1 192.168.1.253 192.168.2.253 192.168.2.1

 Gateways use IP to forward packets between networks

 What is the IP subnet mask used for?

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