Lab test

Complete blood count (CBC)

 Complete Blood Count (CBC)
• A complete blood count (CBC)
• measures the cells that make up the
blood:
a. red blood cells,
b. white blood cells, and
c. platelets.
 complete blood count (CBC)
• Purpose:
1. It may ordered as part of a routine
2. Check for anemia
3. Check for another health issue or
4. to explain symptoms like weakness, fever, bruising,
or feeling tired
5. Keep an eye on a blood condition you already have.
6. See how medications or treatments like
chemotherapy are affecting your blood
 complete blood count (CBC)
7. Give information on overall health.
8. It measures the following things:
a. White blood cells (WBCs). These help to fight
infections. If you have high WBC levels, it tells your
doctor you have inflammation or infection
somewhere in your body. If it’s low, you could be at
risk for infection. The normal range is 4,500 to
10,000 cells per microliter (cells/mcL). (A microliter
is a very tiny amount – one millionth of a liter).
 complete blood count (CBC)
7. Give information on overall health.
8. It measures the following things:
b. RBC (red blood cell count). This is the number of red
blood cells you have. These are important because they
deliver oxygen through your body. They also help carry 
carbon dioxide. They also help carry carIf your RBC count is
too low, you may have anemia or another condition. (If you
have anemia, your blood has fewer red blood cells than
normal.) The normal range for men is 4.5 million to 5.9
million cells/mcL; for women it’s 4.1 million to 5.1 million
cells/mcL.
 complete blood count (CBC)
7. Give information on overall health.
8. It measures the following things:
c. Hb or Hgb (hemoglobin). This is the protein in
your blood that holds the oxygen. The normal
range for men is 14 to 17.5 grams per deciliter
(gm/dL); for women it’s 12.3 to 15.3 gm/dL.
 complete blood count (CBC)
7. Give information on overall health.
8. It measures the following things:
d. Hct (hematocrit). This value provides information
about how much of your blood is comprised of red
blood cells. A low score on the range scale may be a sign
that you have too little iron, the mineral that helps
produce red blood cells. A high score could mean you’re
dehydrated or have another condition. The normal
range for men is between 41.5% and 50.4%. For women
the range is between 36.9% and 44.6%.
 complete blood count (CBC)
7. Give information on overall health.
8. It measures the following things:
e. MCV (mean corpuscular volume). This is the
average size of your red blood cells. If they’re
bigger than normal, your MCV goes up. That
could happen if you have low vitamin B12 or
folate levels. If your red blood cells are smaller,
you could have a type of anemia. A normal-range
MCV score is 80 to 96.
 complete blood count (CBC)
7. Give information on overall health.
8. It measures the following things:
f. Platelets. These play a role in clotting. This test
measures the number of platelets in your blood.
The normal range is 150,000 to 450,000
platelets/mcL
urinalysis
 Urinalysis (UA)
• simply means analysis of urine.
• Urinalysis is very a useful test in the diagnosis of
and screening for many diseases and conditions.
– diagnosing urinary tract infections (UTIs),
– diagnosing kidney stones,
– screening for and evaluating many types of kidney
diseases, and
– diagnosing and monitoring the progression such as
diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure
(hypertension).
 Urinalysis (UA)
• Urine collection methods
• 1. Mid-stream clean catch urine sample collection.
• After the urethra is properly cleaned, the collection may
begin by discarding the initial stream of urine into the
toilet.
• Then, 10-15 milliliters (ml) of urine may be collected in
the provided sterile specimen cup by directly urinating
into the cup.
• Once an adequate amount is collected, then the
remaining urine should be voided in the toilet.
 Urinalysis (UA)
• Urine collection methods
• 2. Collection of urine from the collection bag
– simply collect the urine from the collection bag into the
sterile cup. 
• 3. Attaching a small collection bag with a bandage-
type adhesive to the external genital region.
– Samples can be collected from babies and toddlers who
are not yet toilet trained by attaching a small collection
bag with a bandage-type adhesive to the external
genital region.
 Urinalysis (UA)
Random urine sample.
■ Urinalysis provides information
about the renal/urinary system.
■ Protein content in urine is indicative
of decreased renal function.
 Urinalysis (UA)
Random urine sample.
■ Specific gravity measures the concentration
of particles in the urine and is an indicator of the
kidney’s ability to concentrate urine.
• It also reflects overall hydration status.
• Low specific gravity indicates that the urine is
dilute; high specific gravity means that the
urine is concentrated (volume depletion).
 Urinalysis (UA)
Random urine sample.
■ Leukocyte esterase, nitrite, and
white blood cells in the urine are an
indication of urinary tract infection.
■ Red blood cells indicate of damage
to the renal tubules.
■ Crystals indicate the presence of
renal stones.
 Urinalysis (UA)
Random urine sample..
■ Casts are clumps of cells formed in the tubules. Hyaline
casts indicate protein in the urine.
• WBC and RBC casts are generally indicative of upper
urinary tract infection.
• RBC casts are also present in other serious kidney
disorders.
• Renal tubular epithelial cell casts reflect damage to the
tubules and are found in renal tubular necrosis, viral
disease, and transplant rejection.
• Fasting blood sugar
 Fasting blood sugar
Glucose, Fasting
NPO for 8 hours
Adult: 70–105 mg/dL; SI units: 3.9–5.8 mmol/L
Child 2 years old: 60–100 mg/dL
Critical Levels: 50 or 400 mg/dL
. Red-top tube. Fasting sample.
■ Assessed to diagnose or monitor Type 1 and 2 diabetes.
■ An elevated fasting blood glucose level above 126 mg/dL
on at least two occasions typically indicates diabetes.
 Random blood sugar test
• random glucose testing
• Random glucose testing measures the levels
of glucose in the blood at any given point in
the day.
• It is useful for people who need a speedy
diagnosis, such as those with type 1 diabetes
 who require supplementary insulin as a
matter of emergency.
Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).
• People with diabetes can sometimes demonstrate normal
results in the fasting or random glucose tests yet still have
diabetes.

• If a doctor still suspects that a person has diabetes, they may

recommend an OGTT. This test also requires a person not to
eat or drink for 8 hours.

• After giving the first blood sample, the individual drinks a

liquid containing glucose. The doctor then takes more blood
samples hourly over the next 2 hours.
Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).
Glucose Tolerance Test, Standard Oral
Fasting: 126 mg/dL; SI units: 7 mmol/L
2-hr: 200 mg/dL; SI units 1.1 mmol/L
. Red-top tube. Fasting sample.
Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).
Glucose Tolerance Test, Standard Oral
■ Blood glucose levels are assessed
twice.
• The first is a fasting sample,
• the second sample is taken 2 hr after
ingestion of 75 g of glucose. Samples
may be assessed at other times as
well.
Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).
Glucose Tolerance Test, Standard Oral
■ Useful for screening for gestational
diabetes but usually unnecessary for
diagnosing diabetes as fasting blood
glucose 126 mg/dL or a random blood
glucose level 200 mg/dL is ususally
considered diagnostic.
 Cardiac Biomarkers
■ Enzymes, proteins, and hormones used in the
diagnosis of acute
myocardial infarction.
■ Biomarkers rise, peak, and return to normal
in predictable time frames allowing health care
providers to monitor the progress of he
infarction.
 Cardiac Biomarkers
■ These laboratory tests include:
1. Albumin cobalt binding
2. Creatinine kinase (CK) (or creatine phosphokinase) and
CK-MB isoenzyme (less frequently used)
3. Troponin (most widely used to assess heart damage)
4. Myoglobin (less frequently used; may be ordered with
troponin)
5. B-type natriuretic peptide (used to assess heart
function)