Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. What is a tissue?
2. The study of tissues is called ______.
3. What are the 4 main types of tissues? (See
the intro to Chapter 4 in textbook)
Warm-Up
What type of epithelial cell is shown below?
1. 2.
Stratified Squamous
Epithelium
Chapter 4
Tissue: group of cells that are similar in
structure and function
Histology: study of tissues
Types of Tissues:
1. Epithelium (covering)
2. Connective (support)
3. Muscle (movement)
4. Nervous (control)
Preparing tissues for microscopy
Unicellular Multicellular
Mucus cells or goblet Duct structure
cells
Warm-Up
What type of connective tissue is shown below?
1. 2.
Adipose Tissue
(Loose Connective
Tissue)
Cartilage
3. 4.
Blood Bone
Part II: Connective Tissue
Connective Tissue
Most abundant and widely distributed tissue
Main classes:
1. Connective tissue proper (loose & dense)
2. Cartilage
3. Bone
4. Blood
Functions:
1. Binding and support
2. Protection
3. Insulation
4. Transport substances
Classification
Variations in blood supply
Avascular (no blood) – cartilage
Poorly vascular – tendons, ligaments
Extracellular matrix
Produced by cells, secreted to exterior
Ground substance: “glue” - fills space between cells &
fibers
water + adhesion proteins + polysaccharides
Fibers: provide support
Collagen - strength
Elastic – stretch
Reticular – fine network, “skeleton” of organs
Loose Connective Tissue
Universal packing material
Subclasses: areolar, adipose, reticular
Structure: softer, fewer fibers, gel-like matrix
Functions:
Cushion & protect organs (areolar, fat)
Store nutrients (fat)
Internal framework (reticular)
Fight infection (areolar)
Cells: fibroblasts, adipocytes (fat cells)
Locations: under skin, lymph nodes, hips, behind
eyeballs
Dense Connective Tissue
Tendons & ligaments
Subclasses: dense regular, dense irregular,
elastic
Structure: mainly collagen fibers
Functions:
Elastic
Resist tension
Cells: fibroblasts
Locations: tendons (muscle-bone), ligaments
(bone-bone), lower layers of skin
Cartilage
Subclasses: hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
Structure: flexible, no nerves or blood
Functions:
Support
Compression
Cells: chondroblasts, chondrocytes
Locations: larynx, joints, tip of nose, ear,
intervertebral discs, rib-breastbone, knee
joint
Bone
Osseous tissue
Subclasses: compact, spongy
Structure: hard, calcified matrix; blood
vessels
Functions:
support & protect
Store calcium
Blood cell formation (marrow)
Cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes
Locations: bones
Blood
Vascular tissue
Subclasses: blood cells, plasma
Structure: fluid within blood vessels, no fibers
Functions:
Transport vehicle (nutrients, wastes, gases,
hormones)
Cells: white blood cells (leukocytes), red
blood cells (erythrocytes), platelets
Locations: blood vessels
Part III: Muscle Tissue
3 types:
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Skeletal Muscle
Description:
Long, cylindrical
Multinucleate (2+ nuclei)
Striated (banded appearance)
Function:
Muscles contract, pull on bones or skin cause body
movements
Location in the body:
Attached to skeleton
Other features:
Voluntary control
Cardiac Muscle
Description:
Striated
Uninucleate (1 nucleus)
Branching cells – fit at junctions called intercalated discs
Function:
Propel blood through blood vessels to all parts of body
Locations in the body:
Walls of the heart
Other features:
Involuntary control
Smooth Muscle
Description:
No visible striations
1 central nucleus
Spindle-shaped (pointed ends)
Function:
Propel substances through hollow organs
Locations in the body:
Walls of organs (stomach, bladder, uterus, blood vessels)
Other features:
Involuntary control
Contracts slowly
Peristalsis: wavelike motion that moves food through SI
Part IV: Nervous Tissue
Main component of nervous system
Structure: neuron = dendrite + cell body + axon
Function: regulates and controls body
functions
Location in the body: brain, spinal cord, nerves
Part IV: Nervous Tissue
2 Major Cell Types:
Neurons
Respond to stimuli
Transmit electrical impulses
Other cells
Support, insulate, protect neurons
Tissue Repair
Wound healing
Two ways:
1. Regeneration: replace destroyed tissue by
same kind of cells
2. Fibrosis: form scar tissue (dense fibrous
connective tissue)
Depends on:
Type of tissue damaged
Severity of injury
Steps to Tissue Repair:
1. Inflammation
Capillaries become very permeable
WBC’s and clotting proteins seep into injured area
Clot prevents loss of blood (surface dries, forms a
scab)
Steps to Tissue Repair:
2. Granulation tissue forms
Delicate pink tissue with new capillaries
Connective tissue produces collagen fibers
Epithelial cells multiply over granulation tissue
Steps to Tissue Repair:
3. Surface epithelium regenerates
Surface epithelium thickens
Fibrous tissue matures – forms scar tissue
Regenerative Capacity of
Different Tissues
Virtually None
Extremely
Moderate Weak (mostly scar
Well
tissue)
• Skin epidermis • Smooth • Skeletal • Cardiac muscle
• Mucous muscle muscle • Nervous tissue
membranes • Tendons, • Cartilage
• Fibrous ligaments
connective
• Blood
• Bones