10

Science
Modules
Quarter 3 – Weeks 1 - 4
10
Science
Quarter 3 – Module 1:
Hormones in Human
Reproductive System
Science – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 1: Hormones of the Reproductive System
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.)
included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been
exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright
owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

OIC-Schools Division Superintendent: Carleen S. Sedilla CESE
OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Jay F. Macasieb, CESE

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Emmanuel A. Mamaril, LPT

Editor: Edwin I. Salviejo EdD

Reviewers: Ronald D. Espino, Meilani A. Osurman,

Abraham Saturnino C. Barrientos, Welbert D. Borlado

Layout Artist: Arnold G. Chan

Management Team: Neil Vincent C. Sandoval

Chief Education Program Supervisor

Edwin I. Salviejo EdD

Division Science Coordinator/School Principal I

Printed in the Philippines by the Schools Division Office of Makati City through the
support of the City Government of Makati (Local School Board)

Department of Education – Schools Division Office of Makati City

Office Address: Gov. Noble St., Brgy. Guadalupe Nuevo

City of Makati, Metropolitan Manila, Philippines 1212
Telefax: (632) 8882-5861 / 8882-5862
E-mail Address: makati.city@deped.gov.ph

1
 What I Need To Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the nature of
the Hormones in Human Reproductive System. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. In this module, we will first have a short review of the parts and functions of the
two sets of reproductive systems, then we will study the roles of the hormones in these two body systems.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe the parts of the human male and female reproductive systems
2. explain the role of hormones in human reproduction.

What I Know
Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer.

1. Which is NOT a part of the male reproductive system?

A. penis B. scrotum C. testis D. vagina
2. Which is the function of the female reproductive system?
A. It produces androgen.
B. It produces egg cells.
C. It makes Adam’s apple bigger.
D. It balances water and electrolytes in the body.
3. What is the role of the Follicle-stimulating hormone in the male reproductive system?
A. It tells the testes to grow.
B. It tells the testes to mature.
C. It tells the testes to make follicles .
D. It tells the testes to make sperm cells.
4. Which is NOT a role of FSH and LH in the female reproductive system?
A. It tells the ovaries to make estrogen.
B. It tells the ovaries to make progesterone.
C. It tells the follicles in the ovaries to grow.
D. It prepares the testes for possible pregnancy.
5. Which is an unpaired structure in the human reproductive system?
A. ovary B. oviduct C. testis D. uterus

Lesson
Hormones of the Reproductive System
1
The human body is made up of amazing parts and structures. These are organized from cells to
tissues to organs and organ systems. One of the functions of all the living things here on Earth is to make
sure their species continue to exist or live. This is the job of the reproductive system. In humans, dioecy
or the characteristic of a species to have male and female sexes means that there are two distinct kinds
of reproductive systems: the male and the female reproductive systems.

What’s In
Activity 1.0. Who am I?
In your previous years, you have studied the different organ systems in the human body and their roles.
In this activity, identify which organ system is described on each item. You can choose your answer from
the “organ box” below.

URINARY SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DIGESTIVE SYSTEM LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

1. “I defend you against infection and diseases and transfer the fluid lymph between the tissues and the
blood stream. I am made up of lymph, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels. Who am I?”
____________________________________________________________________

1
2. “I collect, transfer, and process information received by your different body parts. I am made up of
neurons. Who am I?”
____________________________________________________________________

3. “I remove excess waste products from your body like water, salts, and I also control pH. I am made up
of kidneys, urinary bladder, and urethra. Who am I?”
____________________________________________________________________

4. “I transport nutrients, oxygen, and waste products around your body. I am made up of heart, blood,
and blood vessels. Who am I?”
____________________________________________________________________

5. “I produce ‘gametes’ also known as ‘sex cells’ which are important for the creation of an offspring. Who
am I?”
___________________________________________________________________

What’s New
Activity 1.1. Name Me.
In Activity 1.0, you named the organ systems based on their roles. This time, we will focus on one organ
system: the Human Reproductive System. Label the parts of the male and female reproductive systems
below. Write only the letter that corresponds to the best answer.

Retrieved from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Male_and_female_anatomy.svg

Male Reproductive Letter of YourMale Reproductive Letter of Your
Organs Answer Organs Answer
1. Testicles 7. Vagina
2. Urethra 8. Ovary
3. Seminal vesicle 9. Fallopian tube
4. Prostate gland 10. Cervix
5. Epididymis 11. Labia majora
6. Bulbourethral gland 12. Labia minora
13. uterus
Activity 1.2. Word Mapping. Since you are now in Grade 10, you are most likely to be in your
puberty stage. But what do you know about puberty? Fill in the word map below by writing your
ideas about the word puberty.

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 What is It
(1) The male reproductive system consists of a number of sex organs that play a role in
the process of human reproduction. These organs are located on the outside of the body and
within the pelvis. The external parts of the male reproductive system are the penis and the
scrotum. The internal parts of the male reproductive system are the and the testes or
testicles. epididymis, the vas deferens, and the urethra. The glands providing liquids in the
semen where the sperm cells can swim are the seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, and the
bulbourethral gland. Below is an illustration of the said parts. Can you identify them all?

Retrieved from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_male_reproductive_system_en.svg

(2) The female reproductive system also has external (outside) and internal (inside)
parts. The vulva, which means “covering,” covers the opening to the vagina and other internal
parts of the female reproductive system. There are two pairs of skin flaps that surround the
vaginal opening: these are called the labia (lips). A small sensory organ called the clitoris is
found toward the front of the vulva. The openings to the urethra and the vagina are both found
between the labia. The internal organs of the female reproductive system include the vagina,
uterus, fallopian tubes, and the ovaries. Below is an illustration of the female reproductive
system. Can you identify them all?

Retrieved from:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0399_FemaleReproSystem_01.png
(2) The table below summarizes the parts and functions of the male and female reproductive
systems.
Male Female
Reproductive Functions Reproductive Functions
Parts Parts
transfers the sperm to female covers the vagina and
Penis vulva
reproductive organs other internal sex organs
covers the testes and regulates surround the vaginal
scrotum labia
their temperature opening
receives the penis during
produce the sperm cells and intercourse; known as birth
testes vagina
male hormones canal; where menstrual
flow passes.
supports a developing
epididymis stores the mature sperm cells uterus
embryo

3
 transports the sperm cells from also known as the oviduct,
vas deferens Fallopian tubes
the epididymis this is the site of fertilization
delivers the sperm and urine where egg cells are
urethra ovaries
out of the body produced and developed
glands (seminal
vesicles, prostate
provide liquids in the semen
gland, and the
where the sperm cells can swim
bulbourethral
gland)
(3) Thank you for sharing your ideas about the word puberty. Do not forget to share this
with your teacher. So, what really is puberty? According to Medline Plus (2020) “Puberty is the
time in life when a boy or girl becomes sexually mature. It is a process that usually happens
between ages 10 and 14 for girls and ages 12 and 16 for boys. It causes physical changes, and
affects boys and girls differently.” But what are these changes? The table below summarizes the
changes that happen in girls and in boys during this stage:

Girls
breast development (usually the first sign)
hair growth in the pubic area and armpits
menstruation (or a period) (usually happens
last)
Boys
testicles and penis getting bigger (usually the
first sign)
hair growth in the pubic area and armpits
muscle growth, deepening of the voice, and
facial hair development, and beginning of sex
drive (as puberty continues)

(4) Which of these signs were you able to write in the concept map? Which of them can you
already observe in your body? Do you know the reason why these signs appear? These signs mean that
your body has reached sexual and reproductive maturity. But why do these happen?

(5) It can be said that the driving force for these changes is the chemical messenger in the body
known as the hormone. Hormones are chemicals released by some organs of the body. These chemicals
tell the other parts of the body what to do. It is more like a messenger within our body. We will discuss the
hormones involved in both the male and female reproductive systems in the next part.

Male Hormones

(6) When puberty starts, the hypothalamus (in the brain) releases a hormone that tells the
pituitary gland (in the brain) to release both the Follicle-Stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing
Hormone (LH). Okay, relax. These words are truly very scientific but let us talk about them in detail.
Luteinizing hormone or LH is a hormone that will go to the testes. Remember that a hormone is a
“chemical messenger” of the body? Well, this LH will tell the testes to synthesize and secrete (in other
words, to make and produce) testosterone. You may have already heard of the word testosterone
associated with masculinity (being a man), but what really is it? It is the male hormone responsible for the
changes that are discussed in the table above. The other hormone, Follicle-stimulating hormone or FSH
will tell the testes to start the production of the sperm cells which are the male sex cells necessary for
reproduction. This process is known as spermatogenesis.

Female Hormones

(7) Like in the male reproductive system, hypothalamus in the brain releases a hormone that tells
the pituitary gland (in the brain) to release the hormones FSH and LH. However, in females, these
hormones will tell the ovaries to produce the female sex hormones known as estrogen and
progesterone. These hormones are responsible for the changes in the female body as seen in the table
above. Also, these hormones tell the ovaries to begin producing mature egg cells. This process is known
as oogenesis.

(8) The diagram on the next page summarizes the hormonal controls in both the male and female
reproductive organs:

4
 Retrieved from: https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/27-3-development-of-the-male-and-female-reproductive-systems

What’s More
Activity 2. Fact or Bluff. In this activity, you will identify which statements below are facts and which
ones are bluff. If you notice in the What’s in and What is it parts of this module, the paragraphs are
numbered (you may go back to these parts and see the number in boldface). These numbered
paragraphs will help you fill in the table below. The first number is done for you.

If bluff, what is the

Statement Fact or Bluff Paragraph Number
correct statement?
1. Hormones are the chemical messengers of the The statement is a
Fact Paragraph 5
body. fact.
2. The two pairs of skin flaps in the female external
reproductive organs are known as the vulva.
3. Testosterone is the male reproductive hormone.
4. The external parts of the male reproductive
system include the epididymis, the vas
deferens, and the urethra.
5. Testosterone is responsible for the changes in
the female body during puberty.
6. Signs of Puberty mean that your body has
reached sexual and reproductive maturity
7. Estrogen and progesterone are responsible for
the production of sperm cells known as
spermatogenesis.
8. The hypothalamus in the brain releases the FSH
and LH.
9. Hair growth in the pubic area and armpit are
signs of puberty for both male and female.
10. The female’s vagina is where urine goes out of
the body.

5
 What I Have Learned

1. In the human body, the male and female reproductive systems are made up of organs that
are responsible for the process of reproduction.
2. The male reproductive system is made up of external parts (penis and scrotum) and the
internal parts (testes or testicles. epididymis, the vas deferens, and the urethra). The glands
providing liquids in the semen where the sperm cells can swim are the seminal vesicles,
prostate gland, and the bulbourethral gland. The main functions of the male reproductive
system are to produce the sperm cells necessary for reproduction and the development of
the male secondary sex characteristics.
3. The female reproductive system is made up of external parts (vulva, labia, and clitoris) and
the internal parts (urethra, vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and the ovaries). The main
functions of the female reproductive system are to produce the egg cells necessary for
reproduction and the development of the female secondary sex characteristics.
4. The development of the reproductive system is controlled by different hormones. In both male
and female reproductive organs, the hormonal control starts in the hypothalamus which will
tell the pituitary gland to produce the FSH and LH.
5. In the male reproductive system, LH and FSH tell the testes to produce the male hormone
testosterone (responsible for the development of the male secondary sex characteristics),
and start the production of sperm cells (spermatogenesis).
6. In the female reproductive system, LH and FSH tell the ovaries to produce the female
hormones estrogen and progesterone (responsible for the development of the male
secondary sex characteristics), and start the production of egg cells (oogenesis).

What I Can Do

#PubertyChallenge. On a blog by Brianna Wiest (2017), she talked about the trending challenge on social
media: the #PubertyChallenge. In this challenge, people from all over the world are posting "before" and
"after" shots of themselves to illustrate exactly how much they've changed as they've grown up. In this
activity, you are also challenged to do the #PubertyChallenge. You may post your “before” and “after”
photos on this module or on a platform your teacher would choose for you. Then, as a caption, write the
changes (physical, mental, and emotional) that you have noticed in yourself and how you appreciate these
changes brought about by puberty. Explain also how you will use these changes in you to become a better
version of yourself.

Photo of You (Before) Photo of You (After)

Caption:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

6
 Notes to the Teacher
This activity will help students identify the changes in their body (physical, mental, and emotional)
and appreciate these changes. For the modular learners, if photos are not available, they can just
describe these changes. For the online learners, you may choose a platform where they can submit
their work. If Facebook is chosen, make sure that they will not be graded according to the number
of people who reacted on their post. Most importantly, make sure that you will follow the guidelines
released by the DepEd in the use of social media as an online learning platform. As a suggestion,
you may use the features of the Google Classroom (or your chosen LMS) for this activity.

Assessment

Directions: Read the questions carefully, then choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer.

1. Which is not true about the hormones FSH and LH?

A. These are hormones released by the thyroid gland.

B. These are hormones released by the pituitary gland.
C. The hormonal control in the male reproductive system starts with these two hormones.
D. The hormonal control in the female reproductive system starts with these two hormones.

2. Which is true about the testosterone’s role in the reproductive system?

A. It tells the testes to produce egg cells.

B. It tells the testes to stop producing sperm cells.
C. It affects a man’s appearance and sexual development.
D. It is responsible for the pregnancy and lactation in females.

3. What process is involved in the production of an egg cell in the female reproductive system?

A. menstruation B. oogenesis C. ovulation D. spermatogenesis

4. How does the epididymis functions in the male reproductive system?

A. copulatory organ C. protection of sperms

B. sperm maturation D. production of sperms

5. What event in human reproduction takes place in the oviducts of females?

A. copulation B. fertilization C. implantation D. menstruation

7
10
Science
Quarter 3 – Module 1:
Feedback Mechanisms Involved in
Regulating Processes in the
Female Reproductive System
Science – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 2: Feedback Mechanisms Involved in Regulating in the Female
Reproductive System
Second Edition, 2021

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.)
included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been
exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright
owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

OIC-Schools Division Superintendent: Carleen S. Sedilla CESE
OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Jay F. Macasieb, CESE

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Gelean G. Barlis

Editors: Edwin I. Salviejo EdD
Reviewers: Ronald D. Espino, Meilani A. Osurman,
Abraham Saturnino C. Barrientos, Welbert D. Borlado
Layout Artist: Arnold G. Chan

Management Team: Neil Vincent C. Sandoval

Chief Education Program Supervisor

Hernan L. Apurada
Education Program Supervisor, Science

Printed in the Philippines by the Schools Division Office of Makati City through the
support of the City Government of Makati (Local School Board)

Department of Education – Schools Division Office of Makati City

Office Address: Gov. Noble St., Brgy. Guadalupe Nuevo

City of Makati, Metropolitan Manila, Philippines 1212
Telefax: (632) 8882-5861 / 8882-5862
E-mail Address: makati.city@deped.gov.ph

1
 What I Need To Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the Feedback
Mechanisms Involved in Regulating Processes in the Female Reproductive System. It is important
that females track their menstrual cycle to help them understand what their ovulation time is, and to identify
important changes to their body such as missed periods and unexpected bleedings, and common menstrual
problems such as painful period and pre-menstrual period.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe the important events of the menstrual cycle

2. describe the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating processes in the female reproductive
system using diagram and;
3. explain the calendar method.

What I Know
v
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer.

1. Which hormone is responsible for the maturation of egg in the ovaries?

A. Estrogen C. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
B. Progesterone D. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
2. Which hormone is not included in the menstrual cycle?
A. Adrenaline C. Progesterone
B. Estrogen D. Follicle stimulating hormone
3. In which phase of the menstrual cycle does the pituitary gland increase the production of follicle
stimulating hormone for the stimulation of the growth of the follicles?
A. Follicular phase C. Menstruation phase
B. Luteal phase D. Ovulation phase
4. Why are the levels of Luteinizing Hormone at a peak on day 14 of the typical 28-day cycle?
A. To start the ovulation
B. To break down the uterine lining
C. To decrease the production of estrogen
D. To prevent the production of progesterone
5. Which is not the main effect of the increased level of estrogen in the follicular phase?
A. Hair thinning
B. Thickening of cervical mucous
C. Thickening of the uterine lining
D. Increase in the body temperature

Lesson Feedback Mechanisms Involved in

1 Regulating in the Female Reproductive
System

What’s In
In your previous lesson, hormones secreted by the endocrine system control many changes in the
reproductive system. Before you go to the next page, you may want to read the following concepts first:

1. Hormones affect different processes in the body as they regulate and balance the organs, tissues,
and cells.
2. The female reproductive system is one of the most vital parts of the human reproductive process.
It includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.

1
 What’s New

Activity 1: Puzzled it Up!

• Use the words that follow to answer the puzzle. There are EIGHT words but only SEVEN will be
used. One word is a distractor.
menstruation estrogen pituitary calendar
ovaries progesterone uterus luteinizing

Across
1 the regular discharge of blood and mucosal tissue (known as menses) from the inner lining of the
uterus through the vagina
3 also called Rhythm Method and a form of natural family planning
5 it is referred to as the body's 'master gland'
7 The hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis where a fetus (unborn baby) develops and grows
Down
2 the primary female reproductive organs
4 hormone that is responsible for development of the female body and the secondary sexual
characteristics
6 hormone that is responsible in the menstrual cycle and in maintaining the early stages of pregnancy.

What is It
The Menstrual Cycle

Each month, the woman’s body undergoes various changes in preparation for possible pregnancy. This
series of events is called the menstrual cycle. The cycle occurs every month when the female reaches her
puberty stage. The cycle continues monthly for about 40 years and will only stop when the female reaches
her menopausal stage.
During the menstrual cycle, an egg develops and is released from the ovaries. The uterine lining becomes
thicker in preparation for the implantation of the fertilized egg. If pregnancy doesn’t happen, the uterine
lining breaks off and sheds through the vagina. Then the cycle will start again.

A Female’s Menstrual Cycle is divided into four phases:

• Follicular phase (before the release of the egg)

• Ovulation phase (release of egg)
• Luteal phase (after the release of egg)
• Menstrual phase (the bleeding)
Take note that the length of each phase varies from woman to woman, and it can change over time.

2
 Follicular Phase

• The pituitary gland increases the production of the follicle stimulating (FSH)
hormone to stimulate the growth of the follicles.
• The Luteinizing hormones (LH) initiate the maturation of the follicles
• The ovary releases the hormone estrogen which causes the uterine lining to
increase in thickness.
• The uterine lining needs to build up so that the fertilized egg can attach to it.
• The average follicular phase lasts about 13 to 14 days.

Ovulation Phase

• Rising estrogen level triggers the pituitary gland to release luteinizing

hormone (LH). This is the start of the ovulation.
• Ovulation is when the ovary releases a mature egg on day 14.
• The egg travels to the fallopian tube to be fertilized by the sperm.
• The ovulatory phase usually lasts 16 to 32 hours.
• It is the only time in the menstrual cycle that the female can get pregnant.

Luteal Phase

• It lasts about 14 days unless fertilization occurs and ends before a

menstrual period.
• Corpus luteum forms from ruptured follicle.
• Increased level of progesterone.
• The uterine lining continues to thicken.
• If the egg has not been fertilized, it will not attach to the uterus.

Menstrual Phase

• Menstruation occurs.
• Typically lasts from one to four days.
• Corpus luteum degenerates and progesterone production stops.
• Arteries that supply the endometrium of the uterus constrict and break.
• Blood and endometrial tissues detach from the uterus and pass to the
vagina and then out of the body.
• Hormone levels of estrogen and progesterone drop.
• The cells of the thickened uterine lining break off and leave the vagina.
• After menstruation, the cycle starts again.
Menopause

• It is the time in a woman's life when her period stops.

• It happens because the woman's ovaries stop producing the hormones estrogen and
progesterone.
• A woman has reached menopause when she has not had a period for one year.
• Most woman will experience menopausal symptoms. Some of these may be quite severe.
Common symptoms include hot flushes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, difficulty sleeping, low
mood or anxiety, reduced sex drive and problems with memory and concentration.

3
Feedback Mechanism in Menstrual Cycle
A feedback mechanism accelerates or inhibits a process. A negative feedback affects the production of
hormones in the menstrual cycle. The high levels of one hormone inhibit the production of another hormone.

Figure 1: How hormones control the menstrual cycle with negative and positive feedback.
The diagram above shows that hormones are secreted in a negative and positive feedback manner to control the
menstrual cycle. Hormone secretion begins in the hypothalamus where gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is
secreted once puberty starts. GnRH is then transported to the anterior pituitary to secrete stimulating follicle hormone
(FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). It shows that when estrogen level rises in the blood, it stimulates the
pituitary gland through the hypothalamus to secrete more or less luteinizing hormones and follicle
stimulating hormones. In negative feedback, rising levels of hormones feedback to pituitary gland to
decrease the production of hormones. In positive feedback, rising levels of hormones feedback to increase
hormone production. During days 12–14, estrogen provides positive feedback to the pituitary gland. This
causes an increase in the production of estrogen by the ovaries which leads to ovulation. Progesterone on
the other hand, promotes gestation or carrying of a fetus. Its main function is to maintain the endometrium
of the uterus.
Calendar Method
In case a female wants to conceive or not, she can use a natural way of planning. This natural method is
called the Calendar Method or the Rhythm Method. A female can avoid pregnancy by tracking her fertile
days each month.
The calendar method can be used to promote fertility or one way of contraception. Some females want to
use the calendar method in exchange for traditional birth control options or for religious beliefs and
traditions. This method is an inexpensive way and no direct risk to track the fertility days of the woman, but
it can only be used only by woman who have regular menstrual periods or most of the menstrual cycles are
26 to 32 days long. If she has more than tow longer or shorter cycles the calendar method will be less
effective.
How to Use the Calendar Method

• Using a calendar, write down the number of days in each menstrual cycle.
• Determine the length of the shortest menstrual cycle. Subtract 18 from the total number of days in
the shortest cycle. For example, if the shortest cycle is 25 days, subtract 18 from 25. The answer
is 7. The 7th day on the cycle is the first fertile day.
• Determine the length of the longest menstrual cycle. Subtract 11 from the total number of days in
the longest cycle. For example, if the longest cycle is 34 days, subtract 11 from 34. The answer is
23. The 23rd day on the cycle is the last fertile day.
• Plan sexual intercourse carefully during the fertile days. The same way, if the female is avoiding
pregnancy, unprotected sex is not applicable on the fertile days.
• Continue recording the length of the menstrual cycle to properly determine the fertile days.

What’s More

Activity 2: Mark the Events

Below are some important events that happen in the menstrual cycle. Identify in which phase they belong.
Write MP for menstrual phase, FP for follicular phase, OP for ovulation phase, and LP for luteal phase.
Write your answer before each number.
_______________1. The ovary releases an egg on day 14.

4
_______________2. The Luteinizing hormones (LH) initiates the maturation of the follicles.
_______________3. It is the only time in the menstrual cycle that the female can get pregnant.

_______________4. The egg moves through the oviduct.

_______________5. The cells of the thickened uterine lining break off and leave the vagina.

_______________6. The ovary releases the hormone estrogen which causes the uterine lining to increase
in thickness.

_______________7. Rising estrogen level triggers the pituitary gland to release luteinizing hormone (LH).

_______________8. Corpus luteum is formed.

_______________9. Hormone levels of estrogen and progesterone drop

_______________10. Arteries that supply the endometrium of the uterus constrict and break.

Activity 3: What’s my Work?

Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer.

A. Follicle Stimulating Hormone C. Luteinizing Hormone

B. Estrogen D. Progesterone

1. It stimulates the growth of the follicles.

2. It initiates the maturation of the follicles.
3. It causes the uterine lining to increase in thickness.
4. It stimulates the ovaries to release estrogen.
5. It regulates the condition of the inner lining of the uterus

Activity 4: Fill Me In

Choose the correct term from the box to complete the flowchart on the Feedback Mechanisms in Menstrual
Cycle.

ovary hypothalamus LH secretion anterior pituitary

ovulation corpus luteum FSH/LH secretion
Estrogen

5
 What I Have Learned
1. The menstrual cycle is the monthly cycle of changes in the ovaries and the lining of the uterus.
2. The loss of cells from the uterine lining, blood, and egg is called menstruation.
3. The four phases of menstrual cycle are follicular phase, ovulation phase, and luteal phase and
menstrual phase.
4. Hormones keep the reproductive system properly functioning.
5. Ovulation is the process of releasing an egg from the ovary down to the fallopian tube.
6. During the second half of the menstrual cycle, progesterone rises as the corpus luteum in the ovary
matures.
7. Negative and positive feedback by estrogen and progesterone controls Follicle Stimulating
Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone production. Low levels of estrogen and progesterone cause
negative feedback to inhibit FSH and LH secretion while high levels of estrogen and progesterone
stimulate FSH and LH.
8. Increased LH secretion of estrogen production from the ovary which through positive feedback
leads to LH surge that results to ovulation.
9. In negative feedback, inhibiting the FSH and LH secretion maintains the uterus lining. If the egg did
not fertilize, the corpus luteum dies and progesterone drops. This process results to menstruation.
10. Calendar Method is a form of natural way of family planning.
11. The calendar method can be used to promote fertility or as a method of contraception.

What I Can Do
Activity 5: Tell Me!

Take Note: PMS or Premenstrual Syndrome is the combination of mood, emotional, physical, and
behavioral disturbances that a woman experiences a few days before her periodic menstrual flow.
According to rough estimate 80% of women experience premenstrual syndrome.

1. If you are a woman experiencing PMS or Premenstrual Syndrome what are some of the practices
that you are doing (you may have learned from your mother or any adult female figure) that help
lessen your PMS?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

2. Remember PMS is not a disease, it’s just the response of the body to changes happening inside.
If you know someone who suffers from PMS, how are you going to guide her to take the right
measures to protect herself from PMS?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer.

1. Which hormone is responsible for inhibiting the follicle stimulating production (FSH) in the
Pituitary Gland?

A. Estrogen C. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

B. Progesterone D. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

2. What is the main function of the luteinizing hormone in the menstrual cycle?

A. It is the cause of the release of egg from the ovary.

B. It is responsible for the maturation of follicle in the ovary.

6
 C. It inhibits the production of follicle stimulating hormones.
D. It is responsible for the thickening of the lining of the uterine wall.

3. Which demonstrates negative feedback during the menstrual cycle?

A. High levels of estrogen eventually inhibit FSH.

B. High levels of progesterone lead to menstruation.
C. High levels of oxytocin cause contractions which lead to the release of more oxytocin.
D. High levels of estrogen produce more FSH receptors on follicle cells which allows them to
produce more estrogen.

4. Which change does not occur during ovulation?

A. Atrophy of sex organ

B. Abdominal discomfort
C. Increase body temperature
D. Cervical mucus becomes watery

5. Which demonstrates positive feedback during the menstrual cycle?

A. High levels of LH inhibit estrogen

B. High levels of estrogen eventually inhibit FSH
C. High levels of progesterone inhibit FSH and LH
D. High levels of estrogen produce more FSH receptors on follicle cells which allows them to
produce more estrogen

7
10
Science
Quarter 3 – Module 3:
The Nervous System
Science – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 3: The Nervous System
Second Edition, 2021

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.)
included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been
exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright
owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

OIC-Schools Division Superintendent: Carleen S. Sedilla CESE
OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Jay F. Macasieb, CESE

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Janet Joven

Editor: Edwin I. Salviejo EdD

Reviewers: Ronald D. Espino, Meilani A. Osurman, Abraham Saturnino C.

Barrientos, Welbert D. Borlado

Layout Artist: Arnold G. Chan

Management Team: Neil Vincent C. Sandoval

Chief Education Program Supervisor

Edwin I. Salviejo EdD

Division Science Coordinator / School Principal I

Printed in the Philippines by the Schools Division Office of Makati City through the
support of the City Government of Makati (Local School Board)

Department of Education – Schools Division Office of Makati City

Office Address: Gov. Noble St., Brgy. Guadalupe Nuevo

City of Makati, Metropolitan Manila, Philippines 1212
Telefax: (632) 8882-5861 / 8882-5862
E-mail Address: makati.city@deped.gov.ph

1
 What I Need To Know
This module discusses about the nervous system, the coordination and
regulation of the body to maintain homeostasis.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe the divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system;

2. distinguish the major functions of the nervous system; and
3. describe how the nervous system coordinates and regulates feedback mechanisms
to maintain homeostasis.

What I Know
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter that corresponds to the BEST answer.
1. What is the function of the cerebrum?
A. controls involuntary body functions
B. responsible for the maintenance of the body
C. controls higher order thinking and decision making
D. maintains balance, posture, and coordination of movements
2. Which comprises the human nervous system?
A. central nervous system and somatic nervous system
B. central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
C. autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system
D. sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
3. Which organ is NOT connected by the autonomic nerves to the brain?
A. liver B. leg muscle C. salivary glands D. urinary bladder
4. How do dendrites function?
A. make neurotransmitters
B. pass the impulse to an axon
C. carry impulse away from the cell body
D. receive impulse and pass it towards the cell body
5. What is the main function of the nervous system?
A. delivers oxygen and nutrients
B. controls mood growth and development
C. exchange of carbon dioxide in the body
D. responsible for sensory input, integration, and motor output

Lesson
1
The Nervous System
The nervous system is one of the many organ systems in our body that performs
specific functions. However, it coordinates with other organ systems to ensure proper
functioning of the body. It is the main mechanism by which the body controls its
functions.

What’s In

In your previous grade levels, you learned about the different organ systems. Do
this drill to recall you prior knowledge on this topic.

1
Activity 1: What’s My Name?
Direction: Fill in the missing letters to form the correct organ system that is being
described in each number. Write the correct term on the blank.
1. _ _ E _ _ _ A _ It is the body’s framework.
2. _ E _ _ I R _ _ O R _ It is made of a network of breathing passages and
the lungs.
3. E _ _ R E _ O _ _ It removes wastes from the body.
4. _ _ R _ U _ A _ _ R Y It transports essential substances throughout the
body.
5. _ I _ E _ _ I _ E It takes in and breaks down food and absorbs
nutrients.

What’s New

Do the following activities to learn more about the master coordinating system of the
body – the Nervous System.
Activity 2:1 On My Nerves!
A. Label the parts of a neuron through color coding. Use the legend below:
axon = blue dendrites = green nucleus = black
cell body = orange myelin sheath = yellow

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Sketch_of_a_brain_neuron.png

B. Match the parts of a neuron in Column B with the appropriate function given in
Column A. Write the letter that corresponds to the best answer on the space
provided.
Column A Column B
_____1. location of the nucleus A. axon
_____2. releases neurotransmitter B. dendrite
_____3. speeds up the impulse transmission C. cell body
_____4. conducts impulses away from the cell D. Myelin sheath

_____5. conducts impulses toward the cell body E. axonal terminal

Activity 2.2 What’s on My Mind?

Label the parts of a human brain and give the function of each part. Put your answer
in the table besides the diagram of the human brain.

2
 Part Function

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Human%2BBrain.png

What is It
Neuron is the basic unit of the nervous system that transmits information to
other nerve cells, muscles, or gland cells. It is composed of the cell body which
contains the nucleus. The dendrites are the receptor sites of neuron, that carry the
impulses towards the cell body. The axon carries the impulses away from the cell body
which passes along the different parts of the neuron. It is covered by Myelin sheath
with an axon terminal at the end. The Schwann cell produces the Myelin sheath.
Neurons are classified into (1) sensory or afferent neurons that carry impulses from
the sense organ to spinal cord and brain; (2) motor or efferent neurons which carry
impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles; and (3) associative neurons
or interneurons which are in the CNS, integrate data from sensory neurons and then
relay commands to motor neurons.
Nervous System transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body,
including internal organs. In this way, the nervous system’s activity controls the
ability to move, breathe, see, think, and more. The nervous system has two divisions:
the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous
system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous
system (PNS) is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to
all parts of the body. It receives and process all the information from all parts of the
body and controls the entire organ system.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1205_Somatic_Autonomic_Enteric_StructuresN.jpg

The spinal cord is about 40 – 50 cm long that connects the brain and the body.
It is protected by the vertebral column. The spinal cord consists of nerves that carry
incoming and outgoing messages between the brain and the rest of the body. It is also
the site of reflex action.

3
 The brain is the command center of our body. The brain is made up of many
networks of communicating neurons. These networks allow different parts of the brain
to “talk” to each other and work together to control body functions, emotions,
thinking, behavior, and other activities. It is divided into three major regions: the
cerebrum, cerebellum, and the brain stem. The cerebrum is the largest part of the
brain controlling higher order thinking and decision making and composed of the right
and left hemispheres. Each cerebral hemisphere consists of four lobes: the temporal,
frontal, occipital, and parietal lobes. The frontal lobe controls movement, emotion,
judgment, and self-control. The sense of vision is interpreted in the occipital lobe
while the sense of hearing is interpreted in the temporal lobe. The parietal lobe
interprets sensations such as pain, pressure, touch, heat and cold. The cerebellum
receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the
brain and then regulates motor movements. The cerebellum coordinates voluntary
movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth
and balanced muscular activity. The brainstem is the posterior part of the brain
composed of the hypothalamus, thalamus, medulla oblongata, and pons. The
hypothalamus is responsible for emotions and sensations like thirst and hunger. It
also regulates body temperature. The thalamus serves as a messenger since it
integrates the sensory and motor impulses. The medulla oblongata is connected to the
spinal cord that regulates breathing and heartbeat. The pons connects the cerebrum
and the medulla oblongata.

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of all neurons that exist outside
the brain and spinal cord. It is divided into two parts, the Autonomic Nervous System
and Somatic Nervous System. The Somatic Nervous System regulates the activities
that are under conscious control muscle movement and relays information from ears,
nose, hands feet, tongue, eyes, and skin to the central nervous system. It consists of
spinal nerves that carry sensory information into and motor commands out of the
spinal cord. The Autonomic Nervous System controls involuntary bodily functions. It
controls the muscles in the heart and the small muscles in the internal organ such as
the intestine, bladder, and the uterus. Autonomic nervous system is divided into
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. The Sympathetic Nervous
System is known as the “Fight or Flight” response which controls the internal
functions of the body in times of stress. It is responsible for the acceleration of heart
rate, the constriction of blood vessels and the rise of blood pressure. The
Parasympathetic Nervous System is known as the “Rest and Digest” response. It
controls the internal functions at rest, like slows down the heart rate and increases
the intestinal and gland activities.

The concept map below summarizes the components and functions of the
Human Nervous System.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NSdiagram.png

The nervous system is connected to different organs of the body and the senses.
These organs are composed of different receptors. With these receptors, the nervous
system gets all the information of all things happening all through and around the
body. Homeostasis is the condition within the human body system is maintained in

4
balance despite the changing external factors. It is responsible in the regulation and
maintenance of the internal environment of the body and regulates body temperature,
fluids, salts, acids, gases, and nutrients.

What’s More
Activity 3.1 Brain Power!
Direction: Identify the part of the brain responsible for coordinating or controlling each
activity or condition below. Use the legend below:
A = cerebrum B = cerebellum C = brain stem
____1. listening to music ____6. breathing
____2. artistic ability ____7. biking
____3. beating of the heart ____8. contraction of the blood vessels
____4. Dancing ____9. computing problems on Boyle’s Law
____5. composing a song ___10. Reasoning

Activity 3.2 Sympathetic VS Parasympathetic

Functions of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic NS

https://www.flickr.com/photos/38597201@N04/3586864354/in/photolist-
Direction: Analyze the diagram showing the important functions of the Sympathetic
and Parasympathetic Nervous System and answer the questions that follow.
A. Identify which division functions during the following activities.
__________________1. relaxation of urinary bladder
__________________2. inhibition of heartbeat
__________________3. dilation of pupil
__________________4. stimulation of pancreas activity
__________________5. inhibition of sex structures
B. Answer briefly.
1. In what nerves do parasympathetic neurons exit the central nervous system?
How about the sympathetic neurons?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2. What system is dominant in times of fear?-

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

3. What system turns your body to normal state?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Activities adopted from Monton, Genersol G. and Arzadon, Meilani R. 2005.Bilogy Skills Builder and Exercises.Minds Book
Sales. Inc.,73, 76-77.

5
 What I Have Learned

• The Nervous System is a highly complex that coordinates its actions and sensory information by
transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body.
• The Central Nervous system serves as the center of processing information from all parts of the
body. It consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
• The Peripheral nervous system consists of all the nerves that lie outside of the central nervous
system.
• Brain is the central control unit of the body and coordinates activity to the different parts of the
body.
• Spinal cord is involved in the transmission of neural signals between the brain and the rest of the
body.
• Autonomic Nervous System is the part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the
internal organs.
• Somatic Nervous System is the part of the peripheral nervous system that is responsible for
carrying motor and sensory information both to and from the central nervous system (CNS).
This system is made up of nerves that connect to the skin, sensory organs, and all skeletal
muscles.
• Sympathetic Nervous System prepares the body for emergency situations.
• Parasympathetic Nervous System dominates when conditions are not stressful.
• Homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain a constant internal equilibrium.

What I Can Do
According to earlier studies, once neurons are damaged, they can no longer be replaced. Thus, if an
injury to the nervous system occurs, it can cause a person to be paralyzed. At this time, do you think, it is
now possible to produce new neurons that might help paralyzed people to move again? Justify your
answer.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

Students’ outputs will be assessed using the Rubric for Essay: High School
https://www.kpu.ca/sites/default/files/NEVR/High%20School%20Rubrics.pdf

Assessment
1. A motorcyclist fell off his motorbike damaging his left arm. He could feel pain from his left arm, but
why could he not move the arm?
A. loss of blood C. damage to motor nerves on his arm
B. injured spinal cord D. damage to sensory nerves on his arm
2. What is controlled by the frontal lobe of the brain?
A. Hearing B. movement C. sensation D. vision
3. What is a result of a damaged cerebellum?
A. coma B. loss of speech C. loss of balance D. uncontrolled anger
4. The Sympathetic Nervous System is responsible for the “fight and flight” response. What will
mostly happen when we feel stress?
A. bladder contraction C. increased heart rate
B. increased salivation D. decreased blood pressure
5. In which type of neurons will the fastest impulse conduction takes place?
A. motor B. myelinated C. sensory D. unmyelinated

6
10
Science
Quarter 3 – Module 4:
Nucleic Acids, Protein Syntesis
and Mutation
Science – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 4: Nucleic Acids, Protein Synthesis and Mutation
Second Edition, 2021

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.)
included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been
exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright
owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

OIC-Schools Division Superintendent: Carleen S. Sedilla CESE
OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Jay F. Macasieb, CESE

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Jenelyn A. Agbay and Meilani A. Osurman

Editor: Edwin I. Salviejo EdD

Reviewers: Ronald D. Espino, Meilani A. Osurman, Abraham Saturnino C.

Barrientos, Welbert D. Borlado

Layout Artist: Ian Paul B. Blas

Management Team: Neil Vincent C. Sandoval

Chief Education Program Supervisor

Edwin I. Salviejo EdD

Division Science Coordinator/School Principal I

Printed in the Philippines by the Schools Division Office of Makati City through the
support of the City Government of Makati (Local School Board)

Department of Education – Schools Division Office of Makati City

Office Address: Gov. Noble St., Brgy. Guadalupe Nuevo

City of Makati, Metropolitan Manila, Philippines 1212
Telefax: (632) 8882-5861 / 8882-5862
E-mail Address: makati.city@deped.gov.ph

1
 What I Need To Know
This module discusses about the code of life, the processes involved in protein synthesis
and how mutation affects the normal mechanism of protein synthesis.
The module is divided into two lessons, namely:
• Lesson 1 – DNA vs RNA, DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis
• Lesson 2 – Mutation
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. differentiate between DNA and RNA;
2. explain DNA replication and protein synthesis;
3. explain how mutation may cause changes in chromosome structure, number, and
function; and
4. describe the effects of mutation in the growth and development of organisms.

What I Know

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer.

1. What nucleic acid is responsible for the long-term storage and transmission of genetic
information?
A. DNA B. Nucleotide bases C. Protein D. RNA

2. A single strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence CCA TTG CCA AGC GCT.
Which is the complementary strand of the given sequence?
A. GGT AAC GGU TCG CGU C. GGU AAC GGT TCG CGA
B. GGT AAC GGT TCG CGA D. GGT AAC GGU TCG CGA

3. Which process converts the information in a sequence of

nitrogenous bases in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids that make a protein?
A. replication B. transcription C. translation D. translocation

4. Which chromosome show an individual with Turner Syndrome?

A. 22 pairs of autosomes + XX C. 22 pairs of autosomes + XXY
B. 22 pairs of autosomes + XO D. 22 pairs of autosomes + XXX

5. When can a mutation be passed on to offspring?

A. When the mutation occurs in somatic cells.
B. When the mutation occurs during mitosis or meiosis.
C. Only when the mutation is present during or occurs during mitosis.
D. Only when the mutation is present during or occurs during meiosis.

Lesson DNA vs RNA, DNA Replication, and

1 Protein Synthesis
Organisms like us humans can reproduce. We have this ability to bring offspring that is like
our image. There is a notion that the traits we have are identical with our parents or any of our family
members because of “blood relative”. This belief has been changed because of the work of the
geneticists. The character described as traits are the genes that we inherited from our parents.

What’s In
In Grade 9, you learned about the concept of DNA. Before you begin with this
module, briefly answer the questions below to recall your prior knowledge on DNA.
1. What is the structure of the DNA?
How important is the DNA in the transmission of traits?

1
 What’s New

Activity 1.1: What is in me?

In this activity you will compare DNA and RNA molecules using the figure below.

Figure 1. DNA and RNA

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Difference_DNA_RNA-EN.svg

Basis of Comparison DNA RNA

1. Number of Strand
2. Sugar Present
3. Nitrogenous Bases
4. Base Pair

Activity 1.2: The Identical Replicas

Use the Figure below to arrange the following events in DNA replication from
first to last (1-5)

Figure 2. DNA Replication

Diagram adapted from Science – Grade 10 Teacher’s Guide. First Edition 2015, Department of Education
p.98
_____ A. The complementary nucleotides are joined by the DNA polymerase to new
strands.
_____ B. Free nucleotides in the cytoplasm find their complementary bases.
_____ C. Two new DNA molecules are formed.
_____ D. Helicase breaks apart the weak hydrogen bonds between the bases on the
DNA strands.
_____ E. The two separated strands become a template.

What is It
Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA is a genetic material found inside the nucleus of the cell
that contains instructions for controlling the activities of a cell. It is a polymer of nucleotides
composed of deoxyribose sugar , phosphate, and four different bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine
and thymine. These four types of bases composition of DNA are grouped into two: purines and
pyrimidines. The double ringed nitrogenous bases adenine and guanine are called purines.
Thymine and cytosine belong to the group pyrimidines that have one ring in structure.

2
 DNA has paired strands twisted together forming a helical shape called double helix,
where the phosphate and sugar are the backbone and the nitrogenous bases are inside the helix.
These bases of nucleotides hold the two strands of DNA together with weak hydrogen bonds.
Adenine (A) is paired with thymine (T) while cytosine (C) bonds with guanine (G).
A DNA molecule has complementary strands that go together. The specificity of base
pairing in DNA, A, T, G, C, allows DNA to replicate itself with accuracy. DNA replication is the
process in which DNA is copied. DNA has an enzyme called helicase that breaks the bond
between nitrogenous bases. The two strands of DNA split. The bases attached to each strand
then pair up with the free nucleotides found in the cytoplasm. The complementary nucleotides
are added to each strand by DNA polymerase to form new strands. Two new DNA molecules,
each with a parent strand and each with a new strand are formed. The DNA replication is known
as semi-conservative replication, because one of the old strands is conserved in each new
molecule.
Ribonucleic acid or RNA is another important nucleic acid in the reproduction of
complex components. It also controls the process of making proteins. RNA is like a DNA that is
composed of chain of nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of ribose sugar, a phosphate
group and nitrogenous bases. RNA has only one strand making its unstable compared to DNA.
In RNA, adenine (A) is paired with uracil (U) instead of thymine and cytosine (C) bonds with
guanine (G).
RNA comes in different types, each of which has different structures and functions. One
of these functions is involved in protein synthesis. There are three types of RNA
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) - brings instruction from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm, the
cell’s factory floor. On the cytoplasm, the mRNA moves to the assembly line, a ribosome. It is the
site of protein synthesis.
2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – binds to the mRNA and uses the instruction to assemble the amino
acids in correct order. It forms the structural component of the ribosome.
3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) - carries amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled into a protein.
The process of protein synthesis involved two stages: transcription and translation.
Transcription is the stage of protein synthesis by which the information in a strand of DNA is
copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). RNA polymerase is an enzyme that binds
to DNA and opens the DNA molecule that will be transcribed. The DNA strand is used as a
template to copy the nucleotides. The RNA polymerase slides along the DNA strand and links the
free RNA nucleotides that pair with the nitrogenous bases of the complementary DNA strand.
When the base-pairing process is completed, the RNA molecule breaks away as the DNA strands
rejoin. The RNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the cytoplasm. Translation is the stage of protein
synthesis by which the order of bases in mRNA of amino acid is decoded or converted into protein.
This takes place in the ribosome.
The following are the steps of the translation process (excerpt from Science -Grade 10
Teacher’s Guide pages 205-206.)

Step 1. As translation begins, mRNA binds to a ribosome in which the ribosomal

RNA is found. Then, tRNA molecules, each carrying a specific amino acid,
attract ribosomes. The tRNA anticodon pairs with the first mRNA (start)
codon AUG, to form the initiation complex. The two molecules temporarily
join together
Step 2. Usually, the first codon on mRNA is AUG, which codes for the amino acid
methionine. AUG signals the start of protein synthesis. Then, the ribosome
slides along mRNA to the next codon.
Step 3. A new tRNA molecule carrying an amino acid pairs with the second mRNA
codon.

Step 4. When the first and second amino acids are in place, an enzyme joins them
by forming a peptide bond between them.

Step 5. As the process continues, a chain of amino acids is formed until the ribosome
reaches a stop codon (e.g., UAA, UGA, UAG) on the mRNA strand. The
polypeptide chain is released and protein synthesis is complete.

The genetic code table below shows the amino acids and their corresponding codon. A codon is
a sequence of nucleotides that corresponds to a single amino acid.

3
 Figure 3. Genetic Code Table
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Genetic_Code.png

What’s More
Activity 1.3. Translating the code of Life
To practice the basic concepts you just read on protein synthesis, fill out the
table with the correct DNA, codon, anticodon and amino acids. Use the
Genetic Code Table above ( Figure 3 ) to identify the correct amino acid for
each codon.
DNA mRNA (codon) tRNA (anticodon) Amino Acid
TAC
CGG
UUC
AUA
GCA
UAA

Activity 1.4. Revealing the Code

The amino acid sequence of a protein is as follows. Construct the DNA

nucleotide sequence of the structural gene.

SERINE-------GLYCINE-------ALANINE-------PROLINE-------HISTIDINE-------LEUCINE

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

Activity 1.5 BUILDING CODE

Make a match between Column A and Column B. The RNA nucleotides that correspond
to the choices in column B are listed in column C. Identify the amino acids for each codon by
writing the nucleotides in the space below. In naming the amino acid for each codon disregard
the subscript for each letter.

COLUMN A COLUMN B COLUMN C

1. Ribose Adenine and Uracil U2
2. mRNA Occurs in the ribosomes G2
3. RNA polymerase Pentose sugar of RNA A1
4. Translation The language that mRNA uses C1

4
 5. Genetic Code Carries information from DNA to ribosomes U1
6. Transcription Serves as start codon C2
7. AUG Occurs in the nucleus A2
8. UGA Attaches to the DNA and separates the DNA G1
strands
9. Base pair Stop Codon A3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Codon code
Amino Acid

What I Have Learned

• DNA is a nucleic acid composed of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases. It’s
nitrogen bases are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T).
• RNA is single stranded and composed of ribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases.
RNA has three types: mRNA, rRNa, and tRNA.
• In DNA, adenine bonds with thymine and cytosine bonds with guanine.
• In RNA, adenine bonds with uracil and cytosine bonds with guanine
• DNA replication is the process in which DNA is copied.
• Transcription is the stage of protein synthesis by which the information in a strand of DNA
is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).
• Translation is the stage of protein synthesis by which the order of bases in mRNA of amino
acid is decoded or converted into protein. This takes place in the ribosome.

What I Can Do
Write an essay consisting of five sentences to answer this: “Why protein synthesis
is essential in life?” Your composition will be evaluated using the iRubric: Short
Essay Questions rubric. https://www.rcampus.com/rubricshowc.cfm?sp=yes&code=N4AA82&

Lesson
2
Mutation
Usually, the genetic sequence is accurately done during protein synthesis and
homologous chromosomes separate properly during meiosis. However, there are times
that a mistake happens when a gene is not copied correctly or chromosomes do not
separate. These situations may result in a change in the structure and function of the
cell and eventually of the organism.

What’s In
In lesson 1, you studied about the code of life (DNA and RNA) and protein
synthesis. To recap the key concepts on the topics, answer the given questions below:
1. How does DNA differ from RNA?
2. What are the important steps in DNA replication?
3. Explain the processes involved in protein synthesis.
What’s New
There are cases wherein the mechanism of protein synthesis is disrupted. This can
be a change in the sequence of nitrogen bases in the DNA or an error in the process of
transcription or translation. Find out how these changes happen as you go through
this lesson.

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Activity 2.1 What Went Wrong?
A. Analyze the DNA sequence 1 and 2 in each item and fill out the table to describe the
changes that took place and identify the type of aberration involved. (Note: Sequence 1
shows the original strand of DNA while sequence 2 is the changed strand of DNA.)
Table 1. Chromosomal Aberrations
Type of
Item No. SEQUENCE 1 SEQUENCE 2 Changes
Aberration
1 ACTCGTTAGGCA GGCACTCGTTAA
2 ACTCGTTAGGCA ACTCGGCA
3 ACTCGTTAGGCA ACTCGTTAGTTAGGCA
4 ACTCGTTAGGCA ACTTTGCAGGCA
B. Analyze and compare each type of karyotype with the normal karyotype in human male
and female. Determine the condition and error involved in each karyotype.

NORMAL MALE KARYOTYPE NORMAL FEMALE KARYOTYPE

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/2923_Male_Chromosomes.jpg Diagram modified by Cedrick B. Osurman

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:45,X.jpg Diagram modified by Cedrick B. Osurman

(1) (2)
_________________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________________ _________________________________

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Klinefelter%27s_Syndrome_XXY_DNA.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Trisomia_18.jpg

(3) (4)
_____________________________________ _________________________________
_____________________________________ _________________________________

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 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:21_trisomy_-_Down_syndrome.png

(5)
__________________________________
________________________________

What is It

In the previous activity, changes took place in the genetic material and this is called
mutation. Mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene or a change in the
structure/or number of a chromosome. This change may cause a mutant (an organism which
has undergone mutation) to suddenly exhibit a characteristic not found in its parents.
Mutation may happen through the action of mutagens such as ultraviolet radiation,
ionizing radiation, tobacco products, nitrites and various chemicals in our environment. Somatic
mutation occurs in the body cell of an organism and it is not passed onto the offspring. However,
germ mutation that occurs in the reproductive cell, can be passed on from the parent to its
offspring.
Abnormalities in chromosomes can be revealed through analyzing karyotypes. A
karyotype is a pictorial representation of chromosome pairs. Standardized staining procedures
are done to take the picture of the chromosomes through the microscope. Then, the picture of
the chromosomes is cut up and rearranged by the chromosome’s size. The chromosomes are
lined up from the largest to smallest analysis of karyotypes are conducted by trained
cytogeneticists.
Part A of activity 2.1 showed that a chromosome may change its structure by deletion,
duplication, inversion, or translocation. A deletion arises when part of a chromosome is omitted
entirely. Duplication occurs when a chromosomal segment is doubled/repeated within the
chromosome. An inversion happens when a broken segment of chromosome is reattached to the
original chromosome in reverse order. Finally, translocation is the movement of part of a
chromosome to another chromosome or happens when segments of chromosomes are
transferred to a new position.
Part B of activity 2.1 showed changes in chromosome number which is called
aneuploidy. Aneuploidy is a common type of chromosomal abnormality which involves an
abnormal chromosome number due to an extra or missing chromosome. Normally, each
individual has two sets of homologous chromosomes in each cell. Human cells have 23 pairs of
chromosomes, dogs have 39 pairs and rice plants have 12 pairs. Aneuploidy can either be
monosomy or trisomy. Monosomy takes place when an individual has only one chromosome of
a given pair while trisomy occurs when an individual has three rather than two chromosomes of
a given type. The common cause of monosomy and trisomy is non-disjunction or non-separation
of members of the homologous chromosome during meiosis.
Monosomy and trisomy happen in both animals and plants. Animals with these
conditions usually show a set of physical and mental defects called a syndrome. Turner
syndrome (XO) is the most monosomy in humans. A person with Turner syndrome is born with
only one X sex chromosome rather than the usual pair (either two Xs or one X and one Y sex
chromosome). On the other hand, a person with a trisomy has 47 chromosomes instead of 46.
Down syndrome (trisomy 21), Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18), and Patau syndrome (trisomy
13) are the most common forms of trisomy.

What’s More
Activity 2.2 What is the Mystery of the Crooked RBC?
A. Sickle cell anemia is caused by a kind of mutation in the gene that codes for part of
the hemoglobin molecule. Complete the sequence of amino acids in the given DNA

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 segments of a normal hemoglobin and a sickle cell hemoglobin to determine what type
of mutation has occurred in a sickle cell anemia.

Normal Hemoglobin

DNA CAC GTG GAC TGA GGA CTC CTC

mRNA ___________________________________________________

amino acid ___________________________________________________

Sickle cell Hemoglobin

DNA CAC GTG GAC TGA GGA CAC CTC

mRNA ___________________________________________________

amino acid ___________________________________________________

Guide Questions:
1. What was the mutation that took place in sickle cell anemia?
2. What is the effect of the change in amino acid sequence in sickle-cell
anemia?

B. Identify the specific syndrome described in each characteristic listed below.

Write the number of the characteristic to the corresponding box of the given
syndrome. (Note: There are certain characteristics that are applicable to
more than one syndrome.)
Cat-Cry Down Edwards Patau Klinefelter Turner
Syndrome Syndrome Syndrome Syndrome Syndrome Syndrome

1. Female with one X chromosome

2. Slanting eyes with small folds of skin in the corners
3. Phenotypically male but with development of breast tissues
4. Caused by deletion of chromosome 5
5. Deformation of face and feet
6. Sterile
7. With damage major organs
8. Has flat face, small broad nose, large tongue and mouth that usually open
9. High-pitched cry due to the malfunction of larynx
10. With learning disabilities
11. With short webbed neck
12. Underdeveloped ovaries
13. Small testes
14. Taller than average male with longer arms and legs
15. Die at an early age (few months old only)

What I Have Learned

• Mutation is a sudden genetic change that results in a new characteristic of an

organism.
• Somatic mutation is a change in the DNA sequences in the somatic or body
cells while germ mutation is a change in the DNA sequences in the germ or sex
cells.
• Mutation can be caused by high-energy radiation, tobacco products and certain
chemicals.
• Chromosomal aberrations come in two types: changes in chromosome number
and change in chromosome structure.

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• A chromosome may change its structure by deletion, duplication, inversion or
translocation
• Cri-du-chat and leukemia are examples of chromosome aberrations with
structural changes.
• Chromosomal mutation due to changes in number is caused by nondisjunction.
• Aneuploidy is a condition in which an organism has one or a few chromosomes
above or below the normal chromosome number. It can either be monosomy
(the lack of one chromosome from a pair) or trisomy (the presence of three
chromosomes rather than the usual pair).
• Down Syndrome, Edward Syndrome and Patau Syndrome are examples of
trisomy in autosomes while Klinefelter Syndrome is an example of trisomy in
the sex chromosome.
• Turner Syndrome is an example of monosomy in the sex chromosomes.

What I Can Do
Make a photo album of the different human syndromes discussed on this
lesson. Cite all the sources of the pictures and include a brief description of the
characteristics of each syndrome. Your output will be assessed using the Making A
Photo Album : Photographer Rubric.
http://rubistar.4teachers.org/index.php?screen=ShowRubric&rubric_id=1402940

Assessment

1. What is the role of messenger RNA (mRNA)?

A. To direct the production of proteins

B. To carry information from DNA to ribosome
C. To form structural component of the ribosome
D. To transport amino acid and anticodon to the ribosome

2. What type of molecule is shown if a portion of a strand has a nucleotide sequence

AGCAGGCAGATC?

A. DNA B. mRNA C. protein D. tRNA

3. The original strand of DNA looks like this; GAC CAT GAC while the mutated
strand looks like this; GAAC CAT GAC, what type of mutation is shown?

A. deletion B. duplication C. inversion D. translocation

4. What causes a person with Patau Syndrome to have an extra chromosome?

A. gene segregation C. non-disjunction of autosome #18

B. non-disjunction of autosome #13 D. non-disjunction of autosome #21

5. Some events that take place during the synthesis of a specific protein are listed
below. Which represent the correct sequence of protein synthesis?

1. DNA serves as a template for RNA production.

2. Transfer RNA bonds to a specific codon.
3. Amino acids are bonded together.
4. RNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
5. Messenger RNA attaches to a ribosome.

A. 2 5 1 3 4 B. 4 1 5 3 2 C. 2 3 5 4 1 D. 1 4 5 2 3