Analytical Techniques

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Presented by
 Muhammad Rizwan 17071561-006
 Ali Hamza Cheema 17071561-001
 Sohaib Ijaz 17071561-023
 Zaid Bahsir 17071561-030
 Adeel Ahmad 17071561-031
 Syed Faheem 17071561-034
 Neha Anwar 17071561-041

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Introduction
 The sediments have a harmful effect on the
biotic life and oceanic life.
 Inland water bodies are frequently tainted by

the anthropogenic exercises.

 Mechanical wastewater containing unsafe

synthetics.

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Introduction
 A typical practice in Pakistan, specifically for
nourishment crops.
 can result into an extreme aggregation of

extensive measure of poisonous metals in

soil.
 Various carp types of the Ravi River have been

accounted for to be wiped out because of the

expanded metal poisonous quality.

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Continue
 Nonetheless, the stream silt pollution has the
potential anthropogenic wellsprings of follow
metals into the residue of Chenab River and its
related tributaries.
 Improved or anthropogenic sources utilizing
enhancement factor (EF) and geo aggregation
file (Igeo), just as to survey the natural danger
of overwhelming metal in the researched zone
by contrasting the gained metal qualities and
Standard Quality Guidelines (SQGs).

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Materials and methods

 Study area and sampling strategy

 The Chenab stream is the significant waterway
stream of 5.29 billion cubic meters. The stream
bowl estimates 67,500 km2, whose 38,500 km2 in
Pakistan.
 The Chenab waterway is joined by the Jhelum
stream at Trimmu Barrage, The Sutlej River joined
Chenab at upstream of Punjnad Barrage, River
Chenab meets the Indus at Mithankot.
 which give water system water to the Punjab fields,
known worldwide for the rice and cotton generation.

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Analytical Aspect
 For the estimation of the all out metal fixations, 1 g of each
dregs test was processed with a HNO3 (5 ml), H2O2 (1 ml) and
HClO4 (1 ml) blend.
 Tests were kept medium-term to debase the natural
substance before processing. Tests were processed at 200-
250 celcius by utilizing programmed hotplate until the
arrangement was vanished to approach dryness and become
lackluster and afterward the volume of digestate was raised up
to 50 ml by deionized water.
 A while later, they were separated through Whatman channel
paper No. 1 and put away in polyethylene bottles for further
investigation.
 The absolute convergences of Cd, Cu, Co, Mn, Pb and Zn were
controlled by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.

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Statistical analyses
 Stat-Soft Statistica programming and
Microsoft Office Excel 2013. Single direction
ANOVA, trailed by Tukey's HSD test
 Mapped by ArcGIS(R) Geostatistical Analyst-

expansion.

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Results and discussion
 Occurrence and distribution of trace metals in
the sediments of the Chenab river
 The metals pursue a diminishing fixation

request Mn>Zn>Pb>Cd>Co>Cu.
 The examination for other Pakistan

waterways are exhibited in Table

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Lead (Pb)
 Lead (Pb), a superfluous and lethal component, is
discharged.
 Significant sources incorporate vehicular outflows,
volcanoes, airborne soil particles, timberland fires,
squander cremation, effluents from calfskin industry,
lead containing paints and pesticides.
 Convergence of Pb in the world's outside layer
changed from 15 to 20 mg/kg.
 Pb fixations (mg/kg) in the silt ran from 2.4 to 32.4.
 Pb levels in the Chenab waterway residue had more
elevated levels than those deliberate in the dregs of
Indus and Pakistan streams.

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Cadmium (Cd)
 Cadmium (Cd) is a minor component that adversely
influences plant development and improvement.
 is discharged into the earth by Genotoxicity and

ecotoxicity of Cd stations, metal working

enterprises, regular enduring procedures, air
affidavit, utilization of phosphate manures,
cremation of metropolitan strong waste, harmful
effluents release from modern offices and sewage
treatment plants.
 Cd fixation found in the world's outside layer is in

the range 0.1-0.5 mg/kg.

 Fixations (mg/kg) is between 7-7.6

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Copper
 Copper (Cu) is a basic micronutrient for amphibian life in
freshwaters and residue yet it gets poisonous at more
significant level.
 It is discharged to the earth from volcanic emissions,
rotting vegetation, woods flames, and ocean shower and
so on up to 50 mg/kg and anthropogenic exercises,
including city and modern wastewater.
 Cu has low solvency in fluid arrangement and is
effectively adsorbed on water-borne suspended particles.
 The normal fixation esteems (mg/kg) were extending
from 5.8 and 9.4, generally lower than those found in
past examinations.

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Zinc (Zn)
 Characteristic foundation levels of zinc (Zn)
are generally found up to 100 mg/kg in
dregs.
 The focuses (mg/kg) of Zn in the present

examination ran from 11.7 to 50.5

 which are lower than those of Tigris

waterway, Turkey, Almendres stream, Cuba,

Indian streams, and China

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Cobalt (Co)
 The normal centralizations of Cobalt (Co) present
in the world's hull are around 20 – 25 mg/kg.
 The focuses (mg/kg) of Co found in the dregs of

the Chenab stream ran from 0.89 - 31.0.

 Contrasted and recently distributed outcomes,

Co levels were lower than others.

 Plastic assembling units in Gujranwala,

Faisalabad and Sargodha just as non-point

sources, as vehicular discharges, may be capable
of the nearness of Co in the silt of the Chenab
waterway

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Manganese (Mn)
 Manganese (Mn) fixation in the world's outside
layer went between 40 to 900 mg/kg.
 In the flow study Mn focus (mg/kg) went from
245 to 851, lower than those announced
beforehand from Tigris waterway, Turkey and
Nile stream, Egypt.
 They are higher than those detailed for Indian
streams for example Gomti and Hindon and
Indus waterway, Pakistan.
 City wastewater, sewage slime, squander from
mining and mineral handling units.

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Spatial distribution of heavy metals in
the sediments of River Chenab
 The inspecting areas in the Chenab waterway:
 Trimmu Headwork > Punjnad Headwork > Khanki Headwork

> Qadirabad Headwork > Marala Headwork. Among these

locales, Trimmu site is the most dirtied site getting the
biggest measure of the modern releases from Faisalabad and
Jhang city.
 In addition, Trimmu site gets harmful waste from the

upstream stream, urban run-off, and the encompassing

farming fields. Among the analyzed follow metals, Cd and Pb
at Trimmu Headworkexceeded the foundation levels by 2.3
and 1.2 occasions, individually.
 Faisalabad, modernly gainful area of Punjab Province,

arranges around 436 cusecs of mechanical wastewater and

842 cusecs of civil wastewater.

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Conclusions
 Concentration is not uniform as they move place to place.
 The Cd is higher of Chenab makes it unfavorable impact on the
waterway biological system.
 The Igeo and EF values uncovered that residue in this examination
were impressive contaminated by Cd and Pb and decently dirtied by
different metals.
 Assessment of metal danger dependent on PEC remainder uncovered
that the Chenab waterway is genuinely polluted with Cd and Pb.
 Overwhelming metal levels and dispersion was discovered higher at
that locales which were in region of modern and urban regions.
 Legitimate measures ought to be taken by mechanical units.
 Government specialists must guarantee exacting authorization of the
National Environmental Quality (NEQs) measures of metropolitan and
mechanical effluents to spare the Chenab stream from further
Degradation

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