MATERI KULIAH

CIVIL SOCIETY
(TOPIK 1B)

Jurusan Ilmu Pemerintahan

Pengampu: Dian Eka Rahmawati
 THE HISTORIES OF CIVIL SOCIETY
 First phase:
Aristotle: civil society is understood as a state
system by using the term '' koinonia politike '', a
political community where citizens can be directly
involved in various economic-political and decision-
making settings.
Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, who saw it as a
continuation of the evolution of the natural society.
According to Hobbes, the antithesis of a civil society
state has a role to reduce conflict in society so that it
must have absolute power, so that it can control and
closely monitor the political behavior of every
citizen. John Locke, the presence of civil society is to
protect the freedom and property of every citizen
 Second phase:
Adam Ferguson developed the
discourse of civil society with a socio-
political context in Scotland. Ferguson,
emphasized the ethical vision of civil
society in social life. This
understanding was born can not be
separated from the impact of the
industrial revolution and capitalism
that gave rise to a striking social
inequality.
 Third phase,
Thomas Paine interpreted the discourse of
civil society as something contrary to the
state, even he was considered the antitesa of
the country. According to this view, the state
is nothing but a mere necessity. The concept
of a legitimate state, according to this school,
is the embodiment of a delegation of powers
granted by society for the creation of
common prosperity. The more perfect a civil
society, the greater its chances of regulating
the lives of its own citizens.
 Fourth phase,
Hegel, Karl Marx, Antonio Gramsci. In the
view of the three civil society is the dominant
ideological element of the class.

 Fifth phase,
Alexis de Tocqueville discourses civil society
as a reaction to the Hegelian school of
thought. Civil society is a counterweight to
the strength of the State. Political power and
civil society are the main forces that make
American democracy strong.
 WESTERN PERSPECTIVE

 The concept of civil society or in a Western

treasure known as civil society emerged
during the Renaissance in Europe through
the ideas of John Locke and Emmanuel Kant.
As a concept, civil society comes from a long
historical process of Western society that is
usually compared with the conception of the
state. In the eighteenth-century European
tradition, the notion of civil society is
considered to be the same as the state, a
group or entity that wants to dominate other
groups.
 The first figure to initiate the term civil
society is Adam Ferguson in his book "An
Essay on The History of Civil Society" (1773,
Scotland). Ferguson emphasizes civil society
on the ethical vision of social life. This
understanding is used to anticipate the social
changes brought about by the industrial
revolution and the rise of capitalism, as well
as the striking differences between
individuals
 ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE

 The term civil society in addition to referring

to the concept of civil society, is also based
on the concept of the city-state of Medina
built Prophet Muhammad SAW in 622 AD).
Civil society also refers to the concept of
tamadhun (civilized society) introduced by
Ibn Khaldun, and the concept of Al Madinah
al Fadhilah (Medina as the Main State)
expressed by the philosopher Al-Farabi in
medieval times.
 The Madinah Charter is an important document
that proves how strongly the community was built
at the time, as well as affirming the clarity of the
law and the constitution of a society. In fact, with
Hamidullah's opinion (First Written Constitutions
in the World, Lahore, 1958), this Medina Charter
was the first written constitution in human history.
This constitution has astoundingly governed what
is now a fuss about civil rights, long before the
American Declaration of Independence (American
Declaration of Independence, 1997), of the French
Revolution (1789 ), and the UN Universal
Declaration of Human Rights (1948) was released