CHAPTER 7: Political Ideologies

Political Ideologies

 An orderly body of beliefs about the complex body part and functioning of society that is made up of a
program of practical politics founded on a comprehensive theory of human nature and involving a relatively
long in duration social struggle or establish is aptly referred to as an ideology.
 It is normative, it means that political ideologies tell how the society should be but not as it is.
 It is a political or economy theory characterizes the thinking of a group or nation.

A.L.C. (Antoine-Louis-Claude) Destutt de Tracy

 A.L.C Destutt de Tracy (Antoine-Louis-Claude, Comte Destutt de Tracy), he is a french philosopher.
 Destutt de Tracy coined the word ideology in 1796 as a name of his own “science of ideas”.
 Destutt de Tracy and his protagonists named themselves ideologistes, and their program taken up as official
doctrine between the years of 1795 and 1799, specifically designed at bringing to existence a democratic
and scientific society showing judgement.

PERSPECTIVE PROGRAM (In Non-Traditional Age)

This association of ideology with political action to achieve a political or social goal even political.

 Nazism
-The body of political and economic doctrines held and put into effect by the Nazis In Germany
from 1933 to 1945 including the totalitarian principle of government, predominance especially
Germanic groups assumed to be racially superior, and supremacy.
 Fascism
-A way of organizing a society in which a government ruled by a dictator controls the lives of
the people and in which people are not allowed to disagree with the government.
-Very harsh control or authority
 Communism
-A way of organizing society in which the government owns the things that are used to make and
transport products such as: Land, Oil, Factories, Ships, and etc.
-And there is no privately owned property.
 Socialism
-A way of organizing a society in which major industries are owned and controlled by the
government rather than by individual people and companies.

Democracy
 As defined in the previous chapter and to define anew, democracy is literally means rule by the people
derived from the Greek term demos which means “people” and kratos which means “power”.
 Democracy first started as a direct democracy in Greek cities notably ancient Athens where people came
together to speak about their concerns and opinions in front of rulers of the city-state and directly voted
on new rules and laws here is considered as the birthplace of democracy.
  The ancient Greeks did not see all people equally, slaves, women, children and the people who did not
have a land weren't allowed to vote, this is what we called a “FLAWED DEMOCRACY” today.
 After the Greek lost their power and influence in the first century AD their early forms of democracy
were also fading away until the Magna Carta (rights and privileges) was signed in 1215 which
prevented the king of England to do whatever he wanted and said that even the king had to follow the
country’s rule and laws which were written in the constitution.

Modern democracies divine power into three different branches:

 The legislative - the people who make the law
 The executive - the people who make sure that you obey the law
 The judiciary - who judge you, if you commit a crime

There was no separation of powers, and all officials were responsible to the popular assembly which has
entitled to represent or perform an action in these three functions.

Communism
 Is a process for obtaining an objective of political and economic system in which the community owns
property and all citizens partake in the delectation of the common wealth roughly according to their
needs.
 Communism developed modern idea in 1848 was first proposed by German philosopher, Karl Marx and
Friedrich Engles. They wrote a short book and widely known as “The communist Manifesto”.
 In their perception, all of human history has been long-drawn-out conflict between as exploiting
capitalists and an exploited proletariat or working class.
 One of the principles of Communism is the concept of classless society, in which all the process of
production and dispersion are owned by the community without exception and from which any vestige
of a state have vanished, has long held a captivation for human beings.
 The group of communist in Russia, the Marxist Bolsheviks in 1917 started a revolution.
 The Bolsheviks renamed themselves Communist Party of Soviet Union under Lenin and took power to
direct the government prohibited all other political parties.
 However following world War II, many other Eastern European nations followed Russia’s lead and
implemented a communist system.

Nations included:
 Poland, Romania, Hungary, East Gemany, Czechoslovakia, Blugaria, and North Korea, while other
independent communist governments came to power in Albania and Yugosslavia.
 Throughout the 1940’s, 50’s, 60’s. Many Asian nation such as North Korea and China.
 In today’s world, almost ¼ of the world’s population lived under some type of communist rule.
Karl Marx and Communism
 Karl Marx is the father of Marxism, Marx was born in Treves in the German Rhinelano, the son of
moderately rich Jewish parents who had been transformed over to Christianity. He studied philosophy,
law, and history at the universities of Bonn, Berlin, and Jena absorbing the doctrines of Hegel, after
which the peak of his being widely honored and acclaimed. His Doctor’s dissertation was on the
materialism of Democritus and Epicurus.
 In 184-1843, he made editorial changes in a newspaper at Cologne, which was kept from public
knowledge by the Prussian government on account of its brought forward ideas.
 He married Jennie Von Westphalen, and went to Paris after, he met Friedrich Engles. The Prussian
government in 1845, given official approved by Marx’s continued attacks prompted the French
authorities to deport him. He then went with Engels, a number of socialist works, the most celebrated of
which was the Communist Manifesto.
Sufferings of Karl Marx:
 He lived with his wife and children in a morally degraded attic, frequently without sufficient food,
proper clothing or other basic needs. His later years were made sad by ill health and the death of his
three children.
 But nothing could turn him away from unceasing service to his ideals.
Karl Marx’s Works:
 In 1864, he provided help to organize the first International under his guidance until 187.
 His work of great importance Capital, a society that he had to do with the “task to which I have
sacrificed my health, my happiness in life, and my family.” in 1857 and other volumes after his death.
 The Communist Manifesto, the word communism was applied for the philosophy brought forward by
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
Dialectics
 The idea of Marx is set forth beforehand on determinism, which is the doctrine that all things are
determined by the causes.
 The manner of performance in which the people coordinate the methods production necessarily decides
upon the non specific outlines of their social structure, their political system, and the ideologies they
device to justify or attack the status quo.
 From the view of the dialectic, the more complete and scientific knowledge is the greater realization of
the phenomena as they act together with other occurrences in the environment.
 From this denotation, each man characterize himself only as he acts together with nature, the material
desires of his environment and with the social state of being real around him. “Dialectical materialism”
ably delineated Marx’s political thought.
 Putting into process of “dialectics” of Hegel, Marx put forward that there is a class struggle between the
workers and the capitalists.
 He announce that the workers represent the “thesis” which is the positive and the capitalists the
“antithesis” which is the negative. The resistance of the two group is good ensue to a new system called
as “synthesis”.
Socialism
 The social and economic organization in which property and the dispersion of income are discountable
in social control rather than individual decision or market forces.
 As good as free access to indispensable services such as health, education, transportation, among others,
socialists likewise extol the need for more like political rights for all citizens, and for a level off of status
divergences.
Anthony Crosland
-A British socialist who wrote socialism as ‘’A set of values, or aspirations, which socialists
wish to see embodied in the organization of society.’’.
Philosophical Foundations of Fascism
 Fascism turned down the chief philosophical lines of orientation of the 18th and 19th century, the spirit
of the French and American revolutions with their special importance on individual liberty and on the
equality of human kind.
 The content of the enlightenment had caused to make better to the self regard of the individual and had
brought out uncovered in a secularized society.
 Fascism reverted to an authoritarian order, based upon the relation of being subordinate of the individual
lack of equality of class caste system and relatives social status.
Power Politics
 Power is as might be expected a factor present in all political life.
 The first major writer to put aside the moral and a norm or standard approach to politics to promote over
another of pure power was Niccolo Machiavelli.
Niccolo Machiavelli
 He is a man of the renaissance, he perceived to the people of pre-Christian ancientness as the
etymological possessors of virtu or love of state.
 The civic virtuousness absolutely essential to the modern ruler; he claimed that Christianity was
regrettably ‘’true,’’ but that its emphasis on humbleness and humility would harm political man,
debilitating and at the same time making him fanatical.
 Power, Machiavelli ostensibly thought of decriminalized the state if applied with reason as raison d’ etre
by a man capable to manipulate the citizen and utilize the army for his own advantage.
Importance of Sovereign State Power
 In the harsh and relatively long religious conflict of 16th century France, the French jurist Jean Bodin
emphasized the grandness of the sovereign, but by no means without reservation or exeption power of
the state in effective government.
 Throughout the time of constitutional crisis of 17th century England the philosopher Thomas Hobbes
perceived sovereign power at more pure, not limited by the subjects who have granted authorization and
responsible only to God.
 For Machiavelli, the state was a product of art constituted by the skill of the prince whom Machiavelli
has in mind to learn the rule of conduct.
 For Bodin and Hobbes, the state was a reasonable scheme to bring up central authority to a point higher
than religious and civil disagreements.
 The peace treaty of Westphalia in 1648, in an endeavor to cease over a century of religious hostilities
brought about the secular sovereign, mostly in hereditary absolutist monarch, and the right to fix
authoritatively the religious dogmas of his subjects.
 The state turned into such only after the French Revolution most especially in the emotive teaching of
German romantic philosophers such as Johann Gottlieb Fichte and George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
considered being pure rank. Fitche’s utopian “closed state” was authoritarian.
Charles Maurras
 Rejected the luck of unity and verboseness of parliamentarians.
 He looked up to the Roman Catholic Church, but for the virtuousness of hierarchic discipline and
traditionalist order.
 The sovereign standard of political life was to Maurras the complete state of being first in importance of
France and this signify action in France’s interest rather of hesitation, parliamentary discourse, and
regard of world opinion.
 Captain Alfred Dreyfus
 The only Jewish officer in the French general staff of pro-German espionage.
 Dreyfus was insistent on his innocence, and his case came out the center of a dispute requiring questions
of the precession of national interest over no subjective justice.
 Dreyfus was insistent on his innocence, and his case came out the center of a dispute requiring question
of the precession of national interest over know subjective justice.
Liberalism
 A political philosophy stressing the value of individual liberty and the role of the state in protecting the
rights of its citizens.
 The compounding thus brought forth is sometimes added together by a propensity to identify liberalism
solely with its 18th and 19th century version, or with the program of this or that liberal party.
 In expression that has no occasion induced many to make know the “fall” or “end” of liberalism and to
put together orbit that have been give falls or misleading information.
 Through the centuries liberalism has modified greatly in content, but it has observed with continually
recurring form.
 Those who make a distinction on the first hand and ignore the second in an intelligible manner find the
term baffling and its application discrepant.
Diachronic Background
 Liberalism is the concluding development that dates back to the Hebrew prophets, the teachings of the
pre-Socratic philosophies, and the Sermon on the Mount.
 There came out the importance of human individuality, the act of liberating individual from complete
servility to the group, and a loosening on the tight bound of custom and authority. there upon the coming
forth of liberalism was important in effect and inseparable from western man’s pursuit from freedom.
 Liberalism makes an effort or attempts to protect the individual from arbitrary external controls the
preclude the complete actualization of his potentials that maybe develop.
 Medieval society did not put up a soil in which the preceding of other seed of liberalism might without
difficulty sprout.
 The middle ages developed a society of distinction in which the rights and responsibilities of the
individual were determined by his place informal layers hierarchically prescribed system.
 The Medieval system was changed to adopt the strong desires of national rulers and the requisites of an
inflating industry and commerce.
Mercantilism & Calvinist
 Mercantilism - policy of state intercession that in theory at least might be reach out the regulate the
most inside information or details of economic conditions
 Calvinist - An adherent to the theological doctrines of John Calvin and Calvinist sects for freedom of
conscience, the latter in the standing above other revolution that shaken England and France in the 17th
and 18th centuries notable the glorious revolution of 1688.
Conservatism
 Mercantilism- policy of state intercession that in theory at least might be reach out the regulate the most
inside information or details of economic conditions
 Calvinist- An adherent to the theological doctrines of John Calvin and Calvinist sects for freedom of
conscience, the latter in the standing above other revolution that shaken England and France in the 17th
and 18th centuries notable the glorious revolution of 1688.
 Anarchism
 Ideology that all forms of government interfere with individual liberty and are there for undesirable.
 Lost that are not put into effect, authorities without force and detested, crime not punished, property
assailed, the safety of the individual desecrated, the morality of the people misdirected, no constitution,
no government, no justice, these are the characteristics of anarchy.