THE BASIC TENETS OF THE

MAJOR POLITICAL
IDEOLOGIES (I.E.
LIBERALISM, SOCIALISM,
CONSERVATISM,
DANILO JR. T. FORRO
ETC.)
SHS Instructor
TERMS TO PONDER
This section provides the true essence of Political
Ideologies which is significant in the understanding of
different types of government. Having you intuitively
understand words from their use in readings or in class is
the best solution to learn vocabulary. By learning and
understanding these terms, you can become more adapt at
properly using the discipline specific vocabulary and
through practice acquire a better understanding of the
related concepts.
 Ideology a system of ideas and ideals, especially one which forms the basis
of economic or political theory and policy.
 Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty, consent of
the governed and equality before the law
 Conservatism is a political and social philosophy promoting traditional
social institutions in the context of culture and civilization. The central
tenets of conservatism include tradition, organic society, hierarchy,
authority, and property rights.
 Communism a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class
war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and
each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
 Fascism is a form of far-right, authoritarian ultra-nationalism characterized
by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, as well as strong
regimentation of society and of the economy which came to prominence in
early 20th-century Europe.
ESSENTIAL CONTENT
 One of the main areas in the study of politics are ideologies which
are the mainstream tenets of political theories. According to wiki
definition, political ideology is a certain ethical set of ideals,
principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement,
institution, class and /or a large group that explains how society
should work, and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a
certain social order. Thus, political ideology sets the norms in
dealing with the belief system or political culture of a certain
political party and political system.
THE POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES ARE DIVIDED INTO THREE:
LEFT, RIGHT AND CENTER
(POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES SPECTRUM)
 IDEOLOGIES FROM THE LEFT
(COMMUNISM AND
SOCIALISM)
 Leftists are against State and Religion. They tend to
abolish the state and religion which are the instruments of
the capitalists to gain more profits. Leftist ideology tend to
abolish the private property by means of all production.
The private property which is owned by the capitalists can
be abolished in order to avoid the ranking of the society
the leftist ideology sometimes believes in violence in order
to defy the status que of the state .
COMMUNISM
 Is an ideology which was founded by Karl Marx (1818-1883) when he wrote
the Communist Manifesto (published in 1848) and Das Kapital (1867) known
as the bible of the socialist ideas. Marx criticized the capitalists, claiming that
the State and Religion connive with each other to oppress the masses.
Moreover, he also considered communism as the highest stage of society
where the state withers away and religion is also abolished as well as family
relations.
SOCIALISM
 There are 2 types of socialism- utopian and scientific socialism. According to
Karl Marx, utopian socialism is known as the idealistic form of socialism
while scientific socialism is attainable by means of revolution. According to
Freidrich Engels, one of Marx’s co-author in the Communist Manifesto. The
basic principles of socialism is where the people are the employees of the state.
The people are provided their needs but not their wants. Unlike in capitalism,
where the person may choose, may buy and may attain his preferences, in
which the socialist ideology does not provide for these preferences.
IDEOLOGIES OF THE CENTER:
LIBERALISM AND
CONSERVATISM
 Liberalism and conservatism describe for the promotion of freedom
of the personwith emphasis on the 4 important freedoms namely:
speech, press, religion and right to pursuit of happiness. Both of
these ideologies are against the imposition of dictatorship as well as
abolishing the market system which is the battlecry of the
socialist’s states. And both ideologies are inclined to the economic
policies of capitalism where the business people are allowed to
operate freely by the government provided that they will create jobs
and pay their government taxes as their material contribution to the
society.
LIBERALISM
 Is an ideology that promotes the individual’s freedom and the rights
of man. John Locke (1632-1704), a British philosopher wrote the
Two Treaties in the Civil Government where he proposed a radical
concept of political philosophy deduced from the principle of self-
ownership and the corollary right to own a property, which in turn
is based on his famous claim that a man earns ownership over a
resource when he mixes his labor with it.
CONSERVATISM
 Conservatism as an ideology which is dealing with the
status quo of the state, maintaining the wealth of the
individuals for the benefit of the economy (capitalism) and
the preservation of the tradition.
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