POWER POINT PRES

ENTATION
By jade paulos
What is socialism?

A socio- economic system in which property and the

distribution of wealth are subject to control by the workers
- either directly through popular collective such as worker's
councils, or indirectly exercised on behalf of the people by the
state.
- are split into differing, and sometimes opposing branches,
particularly between reformist and revolutionaries.
Egalitarianism or equality is an important goal
- means of production are owned by the state,community,or the
workers, as opposed to capitalism where the means of production
are privately owned.
Frederick Engels- by 1847 the term socialism was considered quite
respectable on the continent of europe.
Modern socialism- Emerged in early 19th century Britain and
france, from a diverse array of doctrines and social
experiments,largely as a reaction or protest against some of the
excesses of 18th and 19th century on early 19th century socialist
thought was largely utopian in nature, followed by more pragmatic
and revolutionary sociolist and communist movements in the later
19th century movement.
Social Critics in the late 18th Century and early 19th century
*Robert Owen
*Charles Fourier
*Pierre Joseph Proudhon.
*louis blanc
*henri de saint-simon
-critized the execess of poverty and inequality of the industrial
revolution, and advocated reforms such as egalitarian
distribution of wealth and the transformation of society into
small utopian communities in which private property was to be
abolished.
Some socialist religious movements
Shakers in america- also date from this period as does the chartist
movement for political and social reform in the united
kingdom,possibly that mass working class movement in the world.
Karl Marx- who first employed systematic analysis,sometimes
known " scientific socialism" man ambitious attempt to expose
capitalism's contradictions and the specific mechanism by which it
exploits and alinates.
-marxs transforms Smith's labor theory of value into his own
Characteristics "Law of Value".
Law of value- the exchange value of commodity is actually
independent of the amount of labor required to appropriate its
useful qualities,and reveals how commodity fetishism obscures the
reality of capitalist society.
International workingmens association( IWA), First International-
was founded in london and became the first major international
forum for the promulgation of socialist ideas,under the leadership
of marx and Johann George Eccarius
Milkhail Bakunin- and proponents of other alternative visions of
socialism which emphasized the potential of small- scale communities
and agrarianism, coexisted with the more influential currents of
marxism and social democracy.
Marxs and Engels- founded the social democratic workers party of
germany in 1869.
- were also responsible for setting up the second international, or
socialism international, in 1889 as the ideas of socialism gained new
adherents especially in central europe, and just before his death in 1895,
Engels boasted of a " Single Great International"
First world war stated in 1914
- the socialist social democratic parties in the UK, FRANCE, Etc,
discarding their commitment to internationalism and solidarity and the
second International dissolved during the war.

Vladimir Tenin - denounced the war as an imperialist conflict and

urged workers worldwide to use it as an occasion for proletarian
revolution.
- in February 1917,revolution broke out in Russia and the workers
soldiers, and peasants set up councils, soviets in russian.
New soviet Government- Nationalized the banks and major
industries, repudiated the former Romanov Regime's national debts,
sued for peace, and withdraw from the first world war, and
implemented a system of government through the elected worker's
councils or soviets.
The Third International
-communist International, or comintern.
- was an international communist organization founded in
Moscow in 1919 to replace the disbanded second international.
The communist party of the soviet Union, under josef stalin
declared a policy of " socialism in one country" taking the route
of isolatinalism.
 Social Democracy
Social Democracy- is based on three Fundamental values.

Freedom- means every individual should be able to decide on

how he or she lives, The states and society should not interfere
arbitrarily in terms of financial security, education and social
opportunities.

Justice - means that in the eyes of the law every one is

equal, irrespective where he or she came from or his and
her family background.
Solidarity- means every one being are willing to help each other, its the
glue which holds society together.

Positive Civil Rights and liberties- makes it possible to an individual to

be able to practice his or her civil rights and liberties.

Negative Civil Rights and liberties- Protective rights which protect an

individual to any interferences.
Libertarian Democracy requires negative rights and liberties to
be given all the times. Positive rights and liberties are only
assured when the individual do not impedes negative ones.
Social Democracy- positive and negative rights and liberties are
taken equally/seriously as without the positive rights some
people would also not have access to the negative ones.
 Introduction to literary theory of marxist
In literary theory, a Marxist interpretation reads the text as an
expression of contemporary class struggle. Literature is not simply a
matter of personal expression or taste. It somehow relates to the
social and political conditions of the time.
Marx called the economic conditions of life the base or infrastructure.
The base includes everything from technology and raw materials to
the social organization of the workplace.
technology and raw materials to the social organization of the
workplace.

This economic base has a powerful effect on the superstructure,

Marx’s term for society, culture, and the world of ideas.
Marx sometimes referred to the superstructure as consciousness, the
way we think and look at reality. Marx famously said, “It is not the
consciousness of men that determines their being, but, on the
contrary, their social being that determines their consciousness.” Our
ability to think for ourselves is limited: our ideas are shaped by the
material conditions of life.

Literature, for Marx, belongs to the superstructure (along with law,

theology, politics, etc.). The challenge, then, is to see how it is
influenced by the economic base.
Marxists were unhappy with Marx’s somewhat naive characterization of
literature as propaganda. For instance, the Italian communist Antonio
Gramsci used the concept of hegemony to describe the way in which
ideology (a system of beliefs) is not simply oppressive and coercive, but also
involves an element of consent.
the cultural critic Raymond Williams suggested in Marxism and Literature
(1977) that every historical time period has competing hegemonies. The
dominant hegemony promotes the interests of the ruling classes, the
residual hegemony defends the culture and belief system of the previous era,
and the emergent hegemony shares revolutionary ideas that may later
become the dominant hegemony.
Who was karl Marx?
Karl Marx (1818 – 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, journalist
and revolutionary who is one of the most influential figures in history due
to the impact of his theories on subsequent intellectual, economic and
political history. His most famous works include the Communist Manifesto,
one of the world’s most influential political manuscripts; and Das Kapital,
the foundational theoretical text of communist philosophy, economics and
politics. Among the most influential theories of Marx are the theory of
historical materialism based on class struggle; and the theory of alienation
of workers under capitalist conditions. Marx is considered the father of
modern sociology and his work in economics laid the foundation for
understanding labor and its relation to capital. Know about the
contributions of Karl Marx to economics and sociology, as well as his
theories regarding capitalism and communism
His best-known titles are the 1848 pamphlet The Communist Manifesto
and the three-volume Das Kapital (1867–1883). Marx's political and
philosophical thought had enormous influence on subsequent
intellectual, economic and political history. His name has been used as
an adjective, a noun, and a school of social theory.
Marx's critical theories about society, economics, and politics,
collectively understood as Marxism, hold that human societies develop
through class conflict.
In the capitalist mode of production, this manifests itself in the conflict
between the ruling classes (known as the bourgeoisie) that control the
means of production and the working classes (known as the proletariat)
that enable these means by selling their labour-power in return for
wages.
Employing a critical approach known as historical materialism, Marx
predicted that capitalism produced internal tensions like previous
socioeconomic systems and that those would lead to its self-
destruction and replacement by a new system known as the socialist
mode of production. For Marx, class antagonisms under capitalism—
owing in part to its instability and crisis-prone nature—would
eventuate the working class's development of class consciousness,
leading to their conquest of political power and eventually the
establishment of a classless, communist society constituted by a free
association of producers.
Marx actively pressed for its implementation, arguing that the working
class should carry out organised proletarian revolutionary action to
topple capitalism and bring about socio-economic emancipation.
Marx has been described as one of the most influential figures in
human history, and his work has been both lauded and criticised.
His work in economics laid the basis for some current theories about
labour and its relation to capital.
Many intellectuals, labour unions, artists, and political parties
worldwide have been influenced by Marx's work, with many modifying
or adapting his ideas. Marx is typically cited as one of the principal
architects of modern social science.
What is socialism?
What is socialism?
• Socialism (from the French socialisme) is a social and economic
doctrine that favors public over private ownership or control.
• It holds that individuals collaborate with each other rather than
live or work in seclusion.
• Moreover, everything that people generate is in some way a social
creation; everyone who is involved in manufacturing a product is
allowed a portion of it.
• Society as a group thus should own or at least manage possessions
for the well-being of all its members.
THANKS