PHONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

MAJWIN
NUR ALAM
NURUL ATIKA
NUR KHAIRUNNISA
SURYA AULIA SUKARMAN
 INTRODUCTION

Sound is at the beginning of language

learning. Children have to learn to distinguish
different sounds and to segment the speech
stream they are exposed to into units –
eventually meaningful units – in order to
acquire words and sentences.
 PRELINGUISTIC DEVELOPMENT (BIRTH – 1
YEAR)
PERCEPTION
Children don’t utter their first words until they are about 1 year old, but
already at birth they can tell some utterances in their native language from
utterances in languages with different prosodic features.
• 1 Month
• Categorical perception
• 4 Months
• 5 Months
• 6 Months
• Statistical learning
• 7 Months
• 8 Months
• 9 Months
• 10-12 Months
 PRODUCTION
• Stages of pre-speech vocal development
• 0-6 weeks: Reflexive vocalizations
• 6-16 weeks: Cooing and laughter

• 16-30 weeks: Vocal play

• 6-10 months: Reduplicated babbling (or canonical babbling
• 10-14 months: Nonreduplicated babbling (or variegated babbling
 DEVELOPMENT ONCE SPEECH
SETS IN (1 YEAR AND OLDER)
• At the age of 1, children only just begin to speak, and their utterances are
not adult-like yet at all. Children’s perceptual abilities are still developing,
too. In fact, both production and perception abilities continue to develop
well into the school years, with the perception of some prosodic features
not being fully developed until about 12 years of age.
 PERCEPTION

• 14 Months
• 16 Months
• 18-20 Months
• Fast-mapping
• 2-6 Years
• 12 Years
 PRODUCTION
• 12-14 Months
• 16 Months
• 18 Months
• Whole word processes (until age 3 0r 4)
• Segment substitution processes (into the early school years)
• 2 Years
• 4 Years
• 7 Years
 BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF
INFANTS’ SPEECH DEVELOPMENT
• The developmental changes in infants’ vocalizations over the first year of
life are influenced by physical developments during that time. Physical
growth of the
vocal tract, brain development, and development of neurological structur
es responsible for vocalization are factors for the development of infants’
vocal productions.
 INFANTS’ VOCAL TRACT
• Infants
vocal tracts are smaller, and initially also shaped differently from adults’ v
ocal tracts. The infant’s tongue fills the entire mouth, thus reducing the ra
nge of movement. As the facial skeleton grows, the range for movement i
ncreases, which probably contributes to the increased variety of sounds i
nfants start to produce. Development of muscles and sensory receptors al
so gives infants more control over sound production.
 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Crying and vegetative sounds are controlled by the
brain stem, which matures earlier than the
cortex. Neurological development of higher brain structures coincides wit
h certain developments in infants’ vocalizations. For example, the onset o
f cooing at 6 to 8 weeks happens as some areas of the
limbic system begin to function. The limbic system is known to be involve
d in the expression of emotion, and cooing in infants is associated with a f
eeling of contentedness. Further development of the limbic system might
be responsible for the onset of laughter around 16 weeks of age.