REVIEW OF

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

MATH10
COLLEGE ALGEBRA
Rational Expressions
Definition
Definitionof
ofRational
RationalExpression
Expression
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AA rational
rational expression
expression isis an
an algebraic
algebraic fraction
fraction whose
whose numerator
numerator
and
anddenominator
denominatorareareboth
bothpolynomials. 
polynomials. 
*Algebraic
*Algebraic fraction
fraction isis an
an expression
expression which
which isis aa quotient
quotient of
of two
two
algebraic
algebraicexpressions.
expressions.

Here are some examples of rational expressions:

 
  1 2 4 x 2 1 m 4  6m  3 2x 2  5 x  3
  2 -
5 x -3 x2  5 m 2  2m  3 1
 
Types of Fractions
1. Proper fraction is one whose degree of polynomial in the
numerator is less than the degree of the polynomial in the
denominator.
Examples:
2 x -1 x 2  2x  3 x2
x 3 x2 1 x3  x 2  5 x 3  2 x 2  5x  3

2. Improper fraction is one whose degree of polynomial in the

numerator is greater than or exactly equal to the degree of the
polynomial in the denominator.
Examples:
x2  2 x 1 2x 3  3x  5 4 - x2
x3 x -1 x3 5  x2
Reduction
Reductionof
ofRational
RationalExpressions
Expressionsto
toLowest
LowestTerms
Terms
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To
To reduce
reduce aa rational
rational expression
expression to
to its
its lowest
lowest terms,
terms, we
we factor
factor the
the
numerator
numerator and
and denominator
denominator and
and then
then divide
divide both
both byby their
their common
common
factors.
factors.

*Cancellation
*Cancellation Law
Law for
for Fraction
Fraction isis the
the process
process of
of taking
taking out
out the
the
common
common factor
factor from
from both
both the
the numerator
numerator and and denominator
denominator of of aa
fraction.
fraction.
 EXAMPLE:
Reduce the following rational expressions to lowest terms.
1. 3. x2  9
3x  9
2. 4. 4  x2
2b c  4bd
2

6b 2 x 2  5x  6
 
 Lowest
 LowestCommon
CommonMultiple
Multiple
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AA multiple
multiple of
of numbers
numbers isis any
any number
number that that contains
contains the the given
given
number
numberas asexact
exactdivisor.
divisor.
Example:
Example: 5, 5,10,
10,15,
15,20
20are
aremultiples
multiplesof of55
AA common
common multiple
multiple of
of two
two or
or more
more numbers,
numbers, isis aa number
number thatthat
can
canbe bedivided
divided by
byeach
eachofofthem.
them.
Example:
Example: TheThecommon
commonmultiple
multipleof of2,2,4,4,9,9,and
and12 12isis36.
36.
The
Thelowest
lowestcommon
commonmultiple
multiple (LCM)
(LCM)of oftwo
twoor ormore
morenumbers
numbersisis
the
thesmallest
smallestof
oftheir
theircommon
commonmultiples.
multiples.
Example:
Example: 36 36isisthe
theLCM
LCMof of2,2,4,4,9,9,and
and12.
12.
The
The lowest
lowest common
common multiple
multiple of of two
two oror more
more expressions
expressions isis oneone
of
oflowest
lowestdegree
degreethat
thathas
haseach
eachof ofthe
thegiven
givenexpressions
expressionsas asaafactor.
factor.
Example:
Example: isisthetheLCM
LCMof of xx++11andandxx––1. 1.
The
The lowest
lowest common
common denominator
denominator (LCD) (LCD) of of aa set
set of
of fractions
fractions isis
the
thelowest
lowestcommon
commonmultiple
multipleofofthe
thedenominators
denominatorsin inthe
theset.
set.
Operations on Rational Expressions

 Addition/Subtraction
 Addition/Subtraction of
of Rational
Rational Expressions
Expressions
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To
To add
add or
or subtract
subtract rational
rational expressions,
expressions, we
we consider
consider the
the
following
following rules.
rules. Let
Let a,
a, b,
b, c,c, dd be
be real
real numbers.
numbers.
Rule
Rule 1:
1: cc
(for
(for same
same denominators
denominators only)
only)
Rule
Rule 2:
2: bb 00
(Find
(Find LCD
LCD and
and combine
combine numerators)
numerators)
EXAMPLE:
Perform the indicated operations and simplify.

•1.   6.

2. 7.

3. + 8.

4. 9.
5. 10.
Operations on Rational Expressions

 Multiplication
 Multiplication of
of Rational
Rational Expressions
Expressions
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To
To multiply
multiply rational
rational expressions,
expressions, we
we consider
consider the
the
following
following rule.
rule.

Let
Let a,
a, b,
b, c,c, dd be
be real
real numbers.
numbers.

bb 00

This
This also
also holds
holds true
true when
when we
we multiply
multiply more
more than
than two
two
rational
rational expressions.
expressions.
EXAMPLE:
Perform the indicated operations and simplify.

•1.   6. x  2y
2x y 
3 2

9 xy
2. 7. 4 x  2 x  3  x  1 

 x  1 8x2
3. 8.
x  y 9x 3 y 2z
4. 9. 
3x y  x  y  2
2 3

5. 10. 4 a3  a

aa 2
ab
Operations on Rational Expressions

 Division
 Division of
of Rational
Rational Expressions
Expressions
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To
To divide
divide rational
rational expressions,
expressions, we
we consider
consider the
the
following
following rule.
rule.

Let
Let a,
a, b,
b, c,c, dd be
be real
real numbers.
numbers.

b,
b, c,c, dd
EXAMPLE:
Perform the indicated operations and simplify.

2
8 x y 24 x 24 x 2 y 3 25 x 3 z 3 15 x 4
1.  5. 2
 4

3y 27 xy 39 z 18 y 26 x 2 y 2

18m4 n2 6m3n
6. 8m2  a  2b  16 a  2b 
2.  
4 mn 12mn 32m 64 m2

3. x 2  16 4 7.x x 2  4 x  21 x 2  2 x  3
 2  2
x  6x  9 x  9
2
x  10 x  25 x  6 x  5
2

4. r 2
 s 2
r 2
 2rs  s
8.
2
a 3  3a 2 b2  4 ab  2a
  2  2
4r 2 2s 2 b  2b a b  3ab b  b3
2
Complex Fraction
Definition
Definition of
of Complex
Complex Fractions
Fractions
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A
A complex
complex fraction
fraction isis aa fraction
fraction having
having one
one or
or more
more
fractions
fractions in
in either
either or
or both
both of
of its
its parts.
parts.

The following are complex fractions.

1 1 x y

2 4 x y z
a. b. c. d.
1
2
1 x y x y
1 
3 1 y x w
1
5
Ways of Simplifying Complex Fractions
FIRST
FIRSTMETHOD
METHOD
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AAcomplex
complex fraction
fraction may
may bebe simplified
simplified by
by reducing
reducing both
both the
the numerator
numerator and
and
denominator
denominatortotosimple
simplefractions
fractionsseparately.
separately.
 = =
EXAMPLE:

SECOND
SECONDMETHOD
METHOD
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AAcomplex
complexfraction
fractionmay
maybebesimplified
simplifiedby
byfinding
findingaasimple
simplefraction
fractionequivalent
equivalent
toto itit by
by multiplying
multiplying the
the numerator
numerator and
and denominator
denominator by
by the
the LCD
LCD of of the
the given
given
fractions.
fractions.
 5 − 3 5 3

EXAMPLE:
3 2
= =
20 − 18
=
2 ( 3
−
2
( 12 ) )
1 5 1 5 3+10 13
+
4 6
+
4 6
( 12 ) ( )
 SIMPLIFY COMPLEX FRACTIONS

Simplify.

a. b.

1 1
 1
c. x y d. 1 a 
1
x y 1
 1
y x 1
1 a
EXERCISES: Simplify the following complex fractions.

1 1

1. 6 4. xh x
1 h
2
3

2 1
 6
3 4 8
2. 5. 9
2 1 7
 3
5 4 4
5

4x 2
 2a
3. x 1 x 1 6.
3 6x 1
 2
x1 x1 a
 Project in Math 10 - 1
• A project will be submitted as a requirement of the course.
• The project is 30 Solved Problems.
• Grp. 1 Seat no. 11 - 15 Grp. 2 Seat no. 16 - 20
• Grp. 3 Seat no. 21 - 25 Grp. 4 Seat no. 26 - 30
• Grp. 5 Seat no. 31 - 35 Grp. 6 Seat no. 36 - 40
• Grp. 7 Seat no. 41 - 45 Grp. 8 Seat no. 46 – 50
• To be written in a short bond paper.
• Deadline is on April __, 2019 (__).
Radical Expressions
Rational Exponents
 Definition
 Definition of
of the
the nnth Root
th
Root of
of aa Real
Real Number
Number
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IfIf nn isis aa positive

positive integer
integer greater
greater than
than 1,
1, and
and aa and
and bb are
are
real
real numbers such that = a, then b is an nth root
numbers such that = a, then b is an n th
root of
of real
real
number
numbera. a.
The following examples illustrate the definition of the principal nth
root of real number.

  2 and – 2 square roots of 4 since and =4.

a.
b. 3 is a cube root of 27 since 27.
c. – 4 is a fifth root of – 1024 since =1024.
 The
 The Principal
Principal nth Root
n th
Root of
of aa Real
Real Number
Number
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IfIf nn isis aa positive

positive integer
integer greater
greater thanthan 1,
1, aa isis aa real
real
number,
number, and denotes the principal n root
and denotes the principal n thth
root of
of a,
a, then
then
i.i. ifif aa
ii.
ii. ifif aa for for nn isis odd
odd

  The above definition used a special symbol which is called a

radical of order n. In this notation, a is called the radicand and
n is the index of the radical. The symbol is called the radical
sign.
 Properties
 Propertiesof
ofRational
RationalExponents
Exponents
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i)i) IfIfnnisisaapositive
positiveinteger
integergreater
greaterthan
than1,
1,such
suchthat
that aaand
and are
arereal
real
numbers,
numbers,then then
==
ii)
ii) IfIf mm and
and nn are
are positive
positive integers
integers that
that are
are relatively
relatively prime,
prime, such
such
that
thataaand
and are
arereal
realnumbers,
numbers,then
then
== oror ==
== ==
iii)
iii) IfIf mm and
and nn are
are positive
positive integers
integers that
that are
are relatively
relatively prime,
prime, such
such
that
thataaandand are
arereal
realnumbers
numbersand andaa ,,then
then
==
EXAMPLE:
A. Evaluate the following.
1. 4.  
2. 5.
3. 6.

B. Perform the indicated operations and simplify. 1


3 5 1  
3
 9
   16 x 4
  x 4 
1. x 4  x3.6  x 3 5. 
8   3 
 81 y   x2 
 
3 1
3 2  2
3a y 5 6
 8x   16 y 6 
2. x y 4.
5 5
6. 3 4 
4

3
 
 8  9 
2
27a y 3
5  27 y   27 x 
x y0
5
 Properties
 Properties of
of Radicals
Radicals
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Let
Let mm and
and nn be
be positive
positive integers
integers greater
greater than
than 1,
1, and
and aa and
and
bb are
are real
real numbers
numbers
i.i. ==
ii.
ii. Multiplication
Multiplication Property
Property
iii.
iii. == for
for bb Division
Division Property
Property
iv.
iv. ==
Simplification
Simplification of
of Radicals
Radicals
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AAradical
radical expression
expression isis said
said to
to be
be in
in simplest
simplest form
form ifif itit
satisfies
satisfies all
all of
of the
the following
following conditions.
conditions.
1.
1. An n root of a radical does not contain any n factors.
An n thth
root of a radical does not contain any n thth
factors.
2.
2.There
There isis no
no fraction
fraction contained
contained in
in the
the radicand.
radicand.
3.
3.There
There isis no
no radical
radical in
in the
the denominator.
denominator.
4.
4.The
The index
index or
or order
order of
of the
the radical
radical isis reduced.
reduced.
EXAMPLE 1:
Simplify the following radical expressions.
•  
1. 2.
3. 4.
EXAMPLE 2:
Simplify the following radical expressions.
 1. 2.
3. 4.
EXAMPLE 4:
Simplify the following radical expressions.

 1. 6th order radical.

2. to radical of same order.

Operations with Radicals
Sum
Sum and
and Difference
Difference of
of Radicals
Radicals
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Only
Only radicals
radicals with
with the
the same
same index
index and
and the
the same
same
radicand
radicand (similar
(similar radicals)
radicals) may
may be be combined.
combined. Then Then
express
express thethe algebraic
algebraic sum
sum of
of two
two or
or more
more similar
similar radicals
radicals
as
as aa single
single radical.
radical.
 Exercises: Perform the indicated operations then simplify.

1. +5 4. 12 - 2

2. 4 - 5 5. + -1

3. + 8- 3 6. 12 - 12
Operations with Radicals

 Product
 Product and
and Quotient
Quotient of
of Radicals
Radicals
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The
The product
product or
or quotient
quotient of
of radicals
radicals of
of the
the same
same order
order
(radicals
(radicals of
of the
the same
same index)
index) isis obtained
obtained based
based on
on the
the
following
following properties:
properties:

i.i.

ii.
ii. ==
 Exercises: Perform the indicated product then simplify.
1. 4.

2. 4 5 5.

3. 6.

 Exercises: Perform the indicated quotient then simplify.

1. 3. 5.

2. 4. 6.
End of Discussion
Linear Equations
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the student is
expected to be able:
• to identify an equation,
• to distinguish an identity equation from a
conditional equation,
• to solve linear equations in one variable
• to solve application problems.
Equations
The equivalence relation a = b denotes that
the symbols a and b represent the same quantity
or stand for the same number.
This equivalence relation is more commonly
known as an equation, and a and b are called
members of the equation.
Solution Set of an Equation
An equation is an open statement in that it
may be true or not, depending upon what values
are assigned to the variable x.
The set of replacements for x for which the
statement makes sense (though not necessarily
true) is called the replacement set or domain of
the variable x.
Examples:  
 However, not all the elements in the domain will
satisfy the equation or make the equation true. A
solution or root of an equation is a number that
produces a true statement when substituted for the
variable.
The set of all roots is known as the solution set
of the equation. If an equation is satisfied only by
some elements in the domain of the variable, then
the equation is called a conditional equation,
whereas, if the solution set is identical to the
domain, then the equation is called an identity
equation.
Properties of Equality
 
For all real numbers a , b and c
1. Addition Property of Equality
If a = b then a + c = b + c
2. Subtraction Property of Equality
If a = b then a – c = b – c
3. Multiplication Property of Equality
If a = b then a ∙ c = b ∙ c
4. Division Property of Equality
If a =b then
Equivalent Equations
Equivalent equations are a set of different
equations having identical solution sets.
Equivalent equations are obtained if any of the
following operations is done:
1. Adding the same quantity to both sides of the
equation.
2. Multiplying both sides of an equation by an
non-zero constant.
The following are equivalent equations:

a) 5x = 20
b) 5x + 2 = 22
c) x = 4
Solving First Degree Equations in One Variable
Form: 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 = 0, 𝑎 ≠ 0

Basic steps to solve linear equation:

1. Eliminate fractions by multiplying each member of the
equation by the lowest common denominator.
2. Remove symbols of grouping.
3. Isolate all terms containing the variable on one side of
the equation and all the other terms on the opposite
side. Simplify by combining like terms.
4. Divide both sides of the equation by the coefficient of
the variable.
5. Check the solution by substituting the value of the
unknown into the original equation.

Remark:
In cases wherein the variable appears under a radical sign,
the radicals should first be cleared of in the equation and
then follow the basics steps in solving linear equation.
Solving First Degree Equations
  in One Variable
Form:
Examples: Find the solution set of the following equations.
Equations Leading to the
form ax + b = 0
Fractional Equations  
Some equations met in algebra involve fractions
containing the variable or the unknown in their
denominators. These equations belong to the type called
fractional equations.
Examples:
Radical Equations  
An equation involving with a fractional exponent or
an equation in which a variable appears in a radical is
called a radical equation.

Examples:
Examples: Find the   solution set of the
following.
Examples: Find the   solution set of the
following.
Absolute Value Equations
 
Definition: The absolute value of any real number “a”
denoted by is defined as

Examples: Find the solution set of the following.

Literal Equations  
Literal Equation is an equation in which constants are
also represented by letters.

Examples: Solve for the specified variable.

Word Problems
Most common types of problems are:
• Number-Relation Problems
• Geometric Problems
• Money and Coin Problems
• Age Problems
• Investment Problems
• Use: I = P.R where I is the interest earned, is the Principal and
R is the rate.
• Mixture Problems
• Uniform Motion Problems
• Work Problems
• Clock Problems
Steps in Solving Word Problem:
• Read the problem carefully and make sure you
understand it.
• Make a diagram or sketch, if possible.
• Determine the unknown quantity. Choose a
letter to represent it.
• Translate quantities into algebraic symbols to
form an equation.
• Solve the equation for the unknown quantity.
• Check with the problem.
1. One number is 20 more than the second number. If their
sum is 72 , find the two numbers.
2. The sum of three numbers is 99. The first is twice the
second and the third is three times the first. Find the three
numbers.
3. The length of a rectangle is three times its width. If the
sides were increase by 3 cm the area would be increase by
105 sq. cm. Find its dimension.
4. The perimeter of a rectangle is 68 m. The length of the
rectangle is 2 meters more than its width. Find the length
of the rectangle.
5. How many liters of 70% acid solution should be added to a
250 liter solution which contains 25% acid so that the
resulting mixture will become a 40% acid solution?
6. Determine how many liters of a 7% acid solution and how
many liters of 12% acid solution should be mixed by a
chemist to obtain 6 liters of a 10% acid solution.
7. Katrina has 84 bills consisting of P10 and P50. If the total
amount of her money is P3280, how many pieces of each
kind of bill does she have?
8. One pipe can fill a pool in 25 mins, another pipe can fill the
same pool in 20 mins and a third pipe can drain it in 30
mins. How long will it take to fill the pool if all the pipes
were simultaneously open?
9. Suppose Carlo and Judd can do the project together in
4 days. If Carlo can finish the project alone in 6 days, how
long will it take Judd to do the project if he works alone?
10. John is three times as old as his nephew , Pete. Four years
ago he was four times as old as Pete was at that time. How
old is Pete?
11. The speed of a motorboat is 12mph in still water. Find the
speed of the river’s current if the motorboat can go 4 miles
downstream in the same time it can go 3 miles upstream?
12. At what time after 4 o’clock pm will the hands of the clock
be:
a) together?
b) opposite each other?
c) at right angle for the first time?
End of Discussion