Starter

• List 5 types of continuous data

• List 3 types of discrete data
• Find the median of the following numbers:
• 2, 3, 6, 5, 7, 7, 3, 1, 2, 5, 4
• Why is the value for the mean calculated
from grouped frequency table an
estimate?
 Grouped Data
Time (minutes) Frequency
17-18 4
18-19 7
19-20 8
20-21 13
21-22 12
22-23 9
23-24 7
Total = 60
 Finding the Mean
Time Midpoint Frequency
txf
(minutes) t f
17 ≤ t < 18 17.5 4 17.5 x 4 = 70
18 ≤ t < 19 18.5 7 18.5 x 7 = 129.5

19 ≤ t < 20 19.5 8 19.5 x 8 = 156 mean = 1247

20 ≤ t < 21 20.5 13 20.5 x 13 = 266.5 60
21 ≤ t < 22 21.5 12 21.5 x 12 = 256 = 20.8 (3s.f.)
22 ≤ t < 23 22.5 9 22.5 x 9 = 202.5
23 ≤ t < 24 23.5 7 23.5 x 7 = 164.5
Total = 60 Total = 1247
 Continuous Data
Data that can take any value (within a range)
Examples: time, weight, height, etc.

You can imagine the class boundaries as fences

between a continuous line of possible values

0 2 4 6 8 10 time (for example)

These classes would be written as:

0≤t<2 Each class has:
2≤t<4 • An upper bound
4≤t<6 • A lower bound
6≤t<8 • A class width
• A midpoint
8 ≤ t < 10
 Discrete Data
Data that can only take certain values
Examples: number of people, shoe size.

There are only certain values possible. Classes are like

a container that hold certain values

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 n, number of
people
These classes would be written as:
0-1
2-3 Each class has:
4-5 • An upper bound
6-7 • A lower bound
8-9 • A class width
10 - 11 • A midpoint
 Cumulative Frequency
Time Frequency Time Frequency
(minutes) f (minutes) f
17 ≤ t < 18 4 17 ≤ t < 18 4
18 ≤ t < 19 7 17 ≤ t < 19 11
19 ≤ t < 20 8 17 ≤ t < 20 19
20 ≤ t < 21 13 17 ≤ t < 21 32
21 ≤ t < 22 12 17 ≤ t < 22 44
22 ≤ t < 23 9 17 ≤ t < 23 53
23 ≤ t < 24 7 17 ≤ t < 24 60
Total = 60
 Cumulative Frequency Curve
f

60
Line is a smooth curve
NOT straight lines
Time Frequency 50 between each point
(minutes) f
17 ≤ t < 18 4 40

17 ≤ t < 19 11
30
17 ≤ t < 20 19
17 ≤ t < 21 32
20
17 ≤ t < 22 44
plot points at the
53 10 upper limit of each
17 ≤ t < 23 class
17 ≤ t < 24 60
t
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
 The Median and the Quartiles
The median is the middle value. Another way of thinking about it is to consider
at what value exactly half of the samples were smaller and half were bigger.
We also look at the quartiles:
The lower quartile is the value at which 25% of the samples are smaller and
75% are bigger. If we had 60 runners in a race, it would be the time the 15th
runner finished, 25% were quicker, 75% were slower.
The upper quartile is the value at which 75% of the samples are smaller and
25% are bigger. Again, for 60 runners, it would be the time the 45th person
finished. 75% were quicker, 25% were slower.

Q1 is the first quartile, or the lower quartile

Q2 is the second quartile, or the median, m
Q3 is the third quartile, or the upper quartile

The interquartile range (IQR) = upper quartile – lower quartile = Q 3 – Q1

The IQR gives a measure of the spread of the data.
 Finding the median
f
Median = m or Q2
60
We find the value of t
when f = 30
50

Upper quartile = Q3
40
We find the value of t
when f = 45
30

Lower quartile = Q1
20
We find the value of t
when f = 15
10

t
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Q1 Q2 Q3
 Interquartile Range
The interquartile range (IQR) = upper quartile – lower quartile = Q 3 – Q1
The IQR gives a measure of the spread of the data.

The data between Q1 and Q3 is half of the samples. How packed together are
these results? The IQR gives us a measure of this.
If the IQR is small, the cumulative frequency curve will be steeper in the
middle. This means that more samples are nearer to the mean,
If the IQR is large, the cumulative frequency curve will not be so steep in the
middle. The samples are more spread out.
 Page 320
Exercise 117
Questions 13, 14, 15 & 16
 PRINTABLE SLIDES
• Slides after this point have no animation.
 Cumulative Frequency
Time Frequency Time Frequency
(minutes) f (minutes) f
17 ≤ t < 18 4 17 ≤ t < 18 4
18 ≤ t < 19 7 17 ≤ t < 19 11
19 ≤ t < 20 8 17 ≤ t < 20 19
20 ≤ t < 21 13 17 ≤ t < 21 32
21 ≤ t < 22 12 17 ≤ t < 22 44
22 ≤ t < 23 9 17 ≤ t < 23 53
23 ≤ t < 24 7 17 ≤ t < 24 60
Total = 60
 Cumulative Frequency Curve
f

60
Line is a smooth curve
NOT straight lines
Time Frequency 50 between each point
(minutes) f
17 ≤ t < 18 4 40

17 ≤ t < 19 11
30
17 ≤ t < 20 19
17 ≤ t < 21 32
20
17 ≤ t < 22 44
plot points at the
53 10 upper limit of each
17 ≤ t < 23 class
17 ≤ t < 24 60
t
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
 The Median and the Quartiles
The median is the middle value. Another way of thinking about it is to consider
at what value exactly half of the samples were smaller and half were bigger.
We also look at the quartiles:
The lower quartile is the value at which 25% of the samples are smaller and
75% are bigger. If we had 60 runners in a race, it would be the time the 15th
runner finished, 25% were quicker, 75% were slower.
The upper quartile is the value at which 75% of the samples are smaller and
25% are bigger. Again, for 60 runners, it would be the time the 45th person
finished. 75% were quicker, 25% were slower.

Q1 is the first quartile, or the lower quartile

Q2 is the second quartile, or the median, m
Q3 is the third quartile, or the upper quartile

The interquartile range (IQR) = upper quartile – lower quartile = Q 3 – Q1

The IQR gives a measure of the spread of the data.
 Finding the median
f
Median = m or Q2
60
We find the value of t
when f = 30
50

Upper quartile = Q3
40
We find the value of t
when f = 45
30

Lower quartile = Q1
20
We find the value of t
when f = 15
10

t
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Q1 Q2 Q3
 Interquartile Range
The interquartile range (IQR) = upper quartile – lower quartile = Q 3 – Q1
The IQR gives a measure of the spread of the data.

The data between Q1 and Q3 is half of the samples. How packed together are
these results? The IQR gives us a measure of this.
If the IQR is small, the cumulative frequency curve will be steeper in the
middle. This means that more samples are nearer to the mean,
If the IQR is large, the cumulative frequency curve will not be so steep in the
middle. The samples are more spread out.