Performance Evaluation of DFMC-GNSS Receiver For Avionics Applications

Performance Evaluation of a
DFMC - GNSS Receiver for

Aviation Applications
Aerospace Tech Week, March 12th /13th -2019
Balakrishna Saradka
Principal Technical Leader
Agenda
• Challenges in Dual-Frequency- Multi-Constellation GNSS Receiver for Avionics

– Hardware challenges
– Software Challenges
• A Dual Frequency Multi Constellation (DFMC)-GNSS Receiver Architecture
– System Architecture
– BIST Architecture
• Results from Proto type Unit for GPS-Galileo Constellation
• Advantages of having Dual Frequency Multi-Constellation in Avionics
• Conclusion
-2- Copyright © 2018 Accord Global Technology Solutions Private Limited. All Rights Reserved.
Design Challenges in DFMC-GNSS Receiver for Avionics
– Hardware Design Challenges
• Interference rejection levels defined in DO-253B for L1 bands, DO-292 for L5/E5A Bands
• Rejection requirement of 70dB at an offset of +/- 20MHz and out-off band roll-off rate
5.5dB/MHz at L5 Band.
– Use of Diplexers, series of SAW filters along with SW architecture achieve this.
• BIST for every Hardware-Functionality.
• Size and Power constraints, various available I/O standards.
– Software Challenges
• Complex RF and I/O Power-ON BIT (PBIT) and Continues-BIT (CBIT)
• Combined position estimation ( Least-square solution capable of multiple frequency
constellation)
• Multi-Constellation – Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (M-RAIM)
– Use of extension of existing RAIM algorithm for multiple constellation
• Need of Interference Mitigation Techniques (IMB) such as Multi-Tone Mitigation and RF-
and Digital -Pulse-Blanking Techniques
Multi-frequency GNSS Architecture
L 1 /E 1 , L 5 /E 5 ,
A c t iv e G N S S A n t e n n a 5 V
B IS T B uck / B oost EEPROM

R e g u la t o r s , M o n it o r in g c ir c u it s , FLASH
R F B IS T : B IS T
LDOs
fo r RTC
P L L /D D S P o w e r S u p p lie s T o p ro c e s s o r (5 V , 3 .3 V 3 V , 1 .2 V )
P
R
T e s t C o n n e c to r J3 J2
O
JT A G , T P s , D eb u g T R S -2 3 2 I/O
R F _ R ST B B _ R ST E
L ig h t e n in g L1 RF D ow n GNSS SP I C
p r o t e c t io n L im it e r C o u p le r D ip le x e r LNA F ilt e r C o n v e r te r C lo c k M EAS
B IST
O p t io n a l R S - 4 2 2 ( 2 )
A S IC # 1 T
J1 c ir c u it IC
A D C 1 [ 0 :4 ] T RG
R S-2 3 2 I
L evel T nl O D is c r e e t I / O - 8
B B _ R ST
LNA N
SP I GNSS SP I G e n e r ic
1 6 .3 6 9 M H z O p tio n al
A n te n n a S o rt C k t. TCXO A S IC # 2 P ro c esso r R S 4 2 2 d riv e r C A v io n ic s
M EA S_T R G
P r o t e c t io n , I /O L O O P I I/O s
O p e n d e t e c t io n L5 BACK R
F ilter A D C 2 [ 0 :4 ] C
T E ST :
RF D ow n SW IT C H E S U
C lo c k
T o p ro c e s s o r C o n v e r te r I
R F _ R ST A v io n ic s T
IC
I/O F o rm a t a n d L e v e l
C o n v e r s io n L o g ic
A n a lo g S e c t io n
D ig it a l a n d I / O S e c t io n
Built in Test
Test Power On Continuous Available Techniques usable in GNSS

Condition BITE (CBIT) Receiver
(PBIT)
RF Yes Yes • Monitor PLL Lock detection

• Generate a low level tone In-band and detect it
• Monitor AGC voltage level with-in the range of
valid - voltages
• Integrity on ADC read values
Base Band Yes Yes • Keeping a redundant ON-channel
Discrete Digital I/O Yes No • Loop back mechanism

RS-422/232
Built in Test (Conti..
Ethernet bus Yes No Available Techniques usable in GNSS Receiver
Power Supply Rails Yes Yes Monitoring circuitry
Antenna Yes Yes Antenna current monitoring

Short/Open
RTC/EEPROM/DDR Yes Yes Memory BIST by Software
Internal Memory Yes Yes Memory BIST by Software
External Memory Yes Yes Memory BIST by Software
Accord Multi-constellation Platform Receiver –Satellite C/N0 View
Accord Multi-constellation Platform Receiver –cont..
Visibility Plot of All Available –GNSS constellation
Pseudo-range measurement improvement with
Dual Frequency Range measurement
Absolute Position Error Plot of Dual Frequency Mode of GNSS Receiver
–No carrier smoothing for Range
Advantages of DFMC receivers in Aviation
1. Dual-frequency Advantages – More accurate Ionospheric delay estimation

than model based - single frequency receivers.
2. The path delay estimations are more quick and instantaneous. So receiver
steady state time is quicker.
3. Receiver with multi-constellation capability is difficult to spoof than the single
frequency because of complexity involved in developing spoofing technology.
4. Higher probability of satellite availability because of multiple type of
constellation in a single receiver.
5. More number of visible satellites in urban-canyons for low flying objects
such as UAVs, Helicopters.- Such situations, accuracy is more compared to
single frequency receivers.
Current Hurdles in DFMC Receiver deploy to Avionics
1. Path for TSO certification for Multi-constellation receivers to Avionics is not

clear at present.
RTCA documents for GPS-GLONASS and GPS-Galileo receivers are being developed.
2. Unlike GPS position performance with SBAS or GBAS- aiding other

Constellations currently have no augmentation systems.
3. When the current planned path for Multi-Constellation Augmentation

systems get operational, the DFMC receivers can provide better performance.
The receiver what currently Accord has that capability.
4. As on this day, the DFMC usage is restricted to use in Class-Beta-1

applications such as en-route navigation ,ADS-B ect.
Accord Global - GPS/GNSS/Aerospace Products and Services
Accord has developed
more than 50 different
products for automotive,
commercial, industrial,
aerospace, space and
Time Distribution System
military applications
GPS Receiver for Aircraft
Wrist Wearable Computer
Hand-held GPS Receiver
GPS Receiver for Spacecraft
Timing Receiver for Aircraft

Ship Navigator GPS-GSM Vehicle Tracker GPS/ GNSS Test Equipment
Asset Tracker ATEs Complete DO-178 and DO254 Eng. Services Control Display for Aircraft ADS-B Transceiver for Aircraft
Conclusion
• Accord has the technology and solution today for DFMC receiver in avionics
applications
• A prototype working platform is available and productization as per avionics

standards are being developed.
• Those who are looking for Dual Frequency-Multi-Constellation receivers, we

have ready solution today.
• Accord can offer direct solution-development for given avionics requirement
• Complete in-house capability of Accord to make product very reliable and

cost effective receivers for every Global Avionics Players.

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Performance Evaluation of a

DFMC - GNSS Receiver for

• Challenges in Dual-Frequency- Multi-Constellation GNSS Receiver for Avionics

B IS T B uck / B oost EEPROM

Test Power On Continuous Available Techniques usable in GNSS

RF Yes Yes • Monitor PLL Lock detection

Base Band Yes Yes • Keeping a redundant ON-channel

Discrete Digital I/O Yes No • Loop back mechanism

Antenna Yes Yes Antenna current monitoring

Internal Memory Yes Yes Memory BIST by Software

External Memory Yes Yes Memory BIST by Software

1. Dual-frequency Advantages – More accurate Ionospheric delay estimation

1. Path for TSO certification for Multi-constellation receivers to Avionics is not

2. Unlike GPS position performance with SBAS or GBAS- aiding other

3. When the current planned path for Multi-Constellation Augmentation

4. As on this day, the DFMC usage is restricted to use in Class-Beta-1

Hand-held GPS Receiver

GPS Receiver for Spacecraft

Timing Receiver for Aircraft

• A prototype working platform is available and productization as per avionics

• Those who are looking for Dual Frequency-Multi-Constellation receivers, we

• Accord can offer direct solution-development for given avionics requirement

• Complete in-house capability of Accord to make product very reliable and

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