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What determines if a
substance is a solid,
liquid, or gas?
1
2
Gases: The average kinetic energy of the gas
molecules is much larger than the average energy of
the attractions between them.
3
The strengths of intermolecular forces are generally
weaker than either ionic or covalent bonds.
4
Types of intermolecular forces (between neutral molecules):
..+
S ..
: O O: dipole-dipole attraction
: ..
- -
..+
S ..
: O O:
: ..
- -
What effect does this attraction have on the boiling point?
5
Polar molecules have
dipole-dipole attractions for
one another.
+
HCl----- +HCl-
dipole-dipole attraction
6
Types of intermolecular forces (between neutral molecules):
Hydrogen bonding: cases of very strong dipole-dipole
interaction (bonds involving H-F, H-O, and H-N are most
important cases).
+
H-F- --- +H-F-
Hydrogen bonding
7
Boiling points versus molecular mass
100
-100
0
0 50 100 150
-20 SbH3
Boiling Pt (Celcius)
NH3
-40
-60
AsH3
-80
PH3
-100
Molecular Weight (g/mol)
9
Now let’s look at HF, HCl, HBr, and HI
40
HF
20
Boiling Pt (Celcius)
0
SbH3
-20 0 50 100 150
-40 NH3 HI
AsH3
-60
-80 HBr
HCl
-100 PH3
Molecular Weight (g/mol)
10
Types of intermolecular forces (between neutral molecules):
- + - +
F2 85.1 He 4.6
I2 457.6 Kr 120.9
15
Metallic bonding: “sea of electrons”
Cu atoms
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Metallic Bonding: “sea of e-’s”
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Covalent Network: (diamonds, quartz) very strong.
1.42 Å
1.54 Å
3.35 Å
21
C-C-C-C C
C C-C-C
C
iso-pentane
neo-pentane
Hvap=24.7 kJ/mol
Hvap=22.8 kJ/mol
n-pentane
Hvap=25.8 kJ/mol
London and “Tangling”
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Structure effects on boiling points
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Ion-dipole interactions: such as a salt dissolved in water
cation
polar molecule
anion
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Phase changes:
26
Energy changes accompanying phase changes
27
Heating curve for 1 gram of water
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Heating curve for 1 gram of water
Hvap=2260 J/g
Hfus=334 J/g
32
VAPOR PRESSURE CURVES
A liquid boils when its vapor pressure =‘s the external pressure.
33
normal boiling point is the temperature at which a
liquid boils under one atm of pressure.
pressure = 1 atm
liquid
BOILING
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PHASE DIAGRAMS: (Temperature vs. Pressure)
35
H2O CO2
37
unit cells:
contains 1 atom contains 2 atoms
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