Part H

Intermolecular forces

78
Why is there such a large difference in melting point between the covalent
substances water and diamond?
79
Demo: How many drops?

Count the maximum number of drops of the following liquids that you can add
on to the surface of a small coin before it spills:
1. Propanone
2. Vegetable oil
3. Water

In which substance do the molecules stick together most strongly?

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Intermolecular forces: What are they?

Intermolecular forces

81
Intermolecular forces: What types are there?

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London (dispersion) forces: Temporary (instantaneous) dipoles

Instant 1 Instant 2 Instant 3

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London forces: Example - between two Cl2 molecules

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London forces: Example - between two Cl2 molecules

85
London forces: Example - between two Cl2 molecules

86
London forces: Definition

87
Quick check: London forces

1. Which of the following causes London forces:

a. Asymmetrically shaped molecules
b. Temporary uneven electron distribution
c. Charges on ions
2. Which of the following best describes London forces:
a. The attraction between temporary partial charges
b. The attraction between permanent partial charges
c. The attraction between a temporary and permanent charge

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London forces: The effect of molar mass

89
London forces: Effect of molecular shape

Pentane Dimethylpropane
Molar mass = 72.15 g mol-1 Molar mass = 72.15 g mol-1
Boiling point = 36 oC Boiling point = 9.5 oC

90
London forces: Effect of molecular shape

91
Dipole-dipole forces: Example - between two HCl molecules

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Dipole-dipole forces: Definition

93
Dipole-dipole forces: The effect of increasing polarity

Propanol Ethanoic acid

Molar mass = 60.09 g mol-1 Molar mass = 60.05 g mol-1
Boiling point = 97 oC Boiling point = 118 oC

94
Dipole-dipole forces: Polarity vs Molecular Mass

95
Quick check: Dipole-dipole forces

1. Which of the following causes dipole-dipole forces:

a. Temporary dipoles on polar molecules
b. Temporary uneven electron distribution
c. Permanent dipoles on polar molecules
2. Which of the following best describes London forces:
a. The attraction between temporary partial charges
b. The attraction between permanent partial charges
c. The attraction between a temporary and permanent charge

96
Dipole-induced dipole forces: Example - between HCl and Cl2

97
Dipole-induced dipole forces: Example - between HCl and Cl2

98
Dipole-induced dipole forces: Definition

99
van der Waals forces

100
Hydrogen bonding: A specific set of dipole-dipole forces

101
Hydrogen bonding: 3 specific cases of dipole-dipole forces

Which 3 elements would form the most polar covalent bonds with hydrogen?

102
Hydrogen bonding: 3 specific cases of dipole-dipole forces

103
Hydrogen bonding: The reason for its separate classification

● Group 14 hydrides
● Group 15 hydrides
● Group 16 hydrides
● Group 17 hydrides

104
Quick check: Hydrogen bonding

1. Which of the following causes hydrogen bonding:

a. Very weak permanent dipoles on polar molecules
b. Temporary uneven electron distribution
c. Very strong permanent dipoles on polar molecules
2. Which of the following best describes hydrogen bonding:
a. The attraction between a very δ+ hydrogen on a molecule and the lone
pair on a very δ- atom on another.
b. The attraction between very δ- atoms on different molecules.
c. The N-H, O-H or H-F bond formed in a molecule.

105
Practice question A

Condensed Full structural London forces Dipole-dipole Hydrogen bonding

formula formula (✓ or ✘) forces (✓ or ✘) (✓ or ✘)

CH4

CH3CH2CH3

CH3CHO

CH3CH2OH
106
Practice question B

Explain why these sets of molecules increase in boiling point from left to right:

Set 1

Set 2

107
Practice question C

108
Practice question D

Explain the following statements:

1. Dipole-induced dipole forces can only be present in a mixture of two or
more substances.
2. The strength of London (dispersion forces) increases with the molar mass of
a molecule.
3. Hydrogen bonding is a particular set of dipole-dipole forces classified as
molecules containing an N-H, O-H or H-F bond.
4. The term ‘intermolecular forces’ is not used in relation to ionic, metallic or
covalent network structures (excluding graphite).

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Practice question E

Suggest why the

gradient of this
trend line
decreases with
increasing carbon
chain length.

110
 Part I
Intermolecular forces and
physical properties

111
How might the volatility these substances differ?

112
DEMO: Volatility - ethanol vs heptane

113
Melting point, boiling point and volatility

114
Solubility: ‘Like dissolves like’

Increased solubility in Increased solubility in

hexane water

115
Electrical conductivity

Solid

Liquid

Aqueous

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Practice questions

1. For the compounds methanol (CH3OH),

ethanol (CH3CH2OH) and propan-1-ol
(CH3CH2CH2OH) order the compounds in:
a. Decreasing boiling point
b. Increasing volatility
c. Solubility in a polar solvent
2. Explain why most covalent compounds are
unable to conduct electricity in the solid, liquid
and aqueous state.
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 Part J
Chromatography

118
What happens when this piece of chromatography paper is placed in water?

119