Cancer of kidney

Definition
Kidney cancer is usually defined as a cancer
that originates in the kidney.
The two most common types of kidney
cancer, reflecting their location within the
kidney, are renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and
urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) of the renal
pelvis.
Kidney cancer originates in the kidney in
two principal locations,the renal tubule
and the renal pelvis.
Most cancers in the renal tubule are
renal cell carcinoma and clear cell
adenocarcinoma. Most cancers in the
renal pelvis are transitional cell
carcinoma.
Types of Kidney Cancer
The types of kidney cancer are categorized
according to the nature of the cancer cells. The
types are clinically categorized as :
Renal cell carcinomas : The most common type of
cancer that develops in the cortex layer. It is an
aggressive tumor with invasion and spreading
power.
Transitional Cell Carcinoma : The second common
type of kidney cancer and it develops in the renal
pelvis.
Wilm’s Tumor : It is called nephroblastoma and it
happens in the children in the age of 2 to 4.
Risk factors & causes of kidney cancer
smoking,
family history of kidney cancer,
 less-proven risk factors such as-obesity
(especially in women),
analgesic abuse,
high blood pressure,
and several uncommon hereditary diseases,
including von Hippel-Lindau disease and
polycystic kidney disease
Long-term dialysis .
Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome-It is
caused by changes in the VHL gene. An
abnormal VHL gene increases the risk of
kidney cancer.
Gender: Males are more likely than
females to be diagnosed with kidney cancer.
Each year in the United States, about 20,000
men and 12,000 women learn they have
kidney cancer.
Symptoms

Blood in the urine (making the urine

slightly rusty to deep red)
Pain in the side that does not go away
A lump or mass in the side or the abdomen
Weight loss
Fever
Feeling very tired or having a general
feeling of poor health.
Abdominal pain, and
A lump or mass in the area of kidney .
Hypertension,
Increased calcium in the blood
Liver problems
Loss of appetite
Tiredness
High temperature
Feeling poor health
Treatments of Kidney
Diagnosis
Physical exam-
Urine test
Blood tests- such as creatinine. A high level
of creatinine may mean the kidneys are not
doing their job.
(IVP): The doctor injects dye into a vein in
the arm. The dye makes them show up on x-
rays. The x-rays can show a kidney tumor or
other problems.
CT scan (CAT scan): a series of detailed
pictures of the kidneys. A CT scan can show a
kidney tumor.
Ultrasound test
Biopsy
Stages
Stage I is an early stage of kidney cancer. The tumor measures
up to 2 3/4 inches (7 centimeters). It is no bigger than a tennis
ball. The cancer cells are found only in the kidney.

Stage II is also an early stage of kidney cancer, but the tumor

measures more than 2 3/4 inches. The cancer cells are found
only in the kidney.

Stage III :-

The tumor does not extend beyond the kidney, but cancer cells
have spread through the lymphatic system to one nearby
lymph node; or
The tumor has invaded the adrenal gland or the layers
of fat and fibrous tissue that surround the kidney, but
cancer cells have not spread beyond the fibrous tissue.
Cancer cells may be found in one nearby lymph node; or
The cancer cells have spread from the kidney to a
nearby large blood vessel. Cancer cells may be found in
one nearby lymph node.

Stage IV :-
The tumor extends beyond the fibrous tissue that
surrounds the kidney; or
Cancer cells are found in more than one nearby lymph
node; or
The cancer has spread to other places in the body such
as the lungs.
Management

radiation therapy,
biological therapy, or chemotherapy-
vinblastine
Hormonal therapy - medroxyprogesterone and
testosterone
Immunotherapy- non myeloablative allogeneic stem
cell transplantation.
Surgical management-
Nephrectomy –
radical nephrectomy-removal of kidney
,AG,perinephric fat and retroperitoneal lymphatics.
Nephroureterectomy .
Laparascopic and robootic assisted
laparoscopic nephrectomy.
Complications :-
Hemorrhage
Infection
Thromboembolism.