Civil Engineering Materials

Contact Information
Engr. Muhammad Umer
Lecturer (NICE, Water Resources Engg Dept)
Contact: 0333-6095155, eng.umerkhan@hotmail.com
Glass Products
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Introduction
 Glass is any substance or mixture of substances that has
solidified from the liquid state without crystallization.
 Glass may be defined as a hard, transparent or translucent
(allowing light, but not detailed images, to pass through)
material chiefly compound of silica, combined with varying
proportions of oxides of sodium, potassium, calcium,
magnesia, iron, and other minerals.
 Structure of glass: The glass is a random arrangement of
molecules, the great majority of which are oxygen ions
bounded together with the network forming ions of silicon,
boron or phosphorous.
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Glass
 Obtained from fusion of silica, chalk (lime) and potash or
soda at over 1000°C
 Silica – main constituent which fuses at high temperature so
alkaline admixture added to lower down fusion temperature
 Potash – gives fire resistant properties to glass
 Soda – quickens fusion of glass
 Lime – imparts durability and toughness
 Lead oxide – provides color
 Cullet – broken glass of the type to be made to bring down
cost of production
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Properties of glass
 No definite crystalline structure
 No sharp melting point
 Absorbs, refracts or transmits light
 Affected by alkalies
 An excellent electrical insulator at elevated temperatures
 Extremely brittle
 Available in beautiful colors
 Not affected by water or air
 Not easily attacked by ordinary chemical reagents (substance or
compound that is added to a system in order to bring about a chemical
reaction or is added to see if a reaction occurs)
 Possible to weld pieces of glass by fusion
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Glass Manufacturing
 All constituents separately ground, sieved and mixed in
definite proportions
 Mix fused in tank furnace or pot furnace
 Charge fed at one end and molten glass tapped at other
end continuously
 Molten glass shaped by following methods
– Blowing – articles of various shapes by blowing pipe
– Flat drawing – plate of glass pressed between rollers to form
sheet glass
– Rolling – molten glass poured over flat iron table rolled into
sheet
– Compression molding – irregular shape articles using molds
– Spinning – glass fibers produced by spinning action
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Blowing
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Glass Classification
 Soda lime glass
– Fusion of silica, lime, soda and alumina mixture.
– Also called soda-ash glass, soda glass or soft glass.
– Used for glazing doors, windows, common glassware
 Lead glass
– Fusion of silica, lead and potash
– Also called flint glass
 Boro-silicate glass
– Fusion of silica, borax, lime and feldspar
– Withstands high temperature
– Lab equipment and cookware made with it
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Commercial Glass
 Sheet glass
– Ordinary glazing quality – general glazing
– Selected glazing quality – better quality work
– Special selected quality – show cases and cabinets
– Available in thickness of 2.0 to 12.0 mm
 Plate glass
– Ground and polished
– Available in thickness of 3.0 to 32.0 mm
– GG quality – cabinets, show cases, shelves, counters, etc
– SG quality – mirrors
– SQ quality – superior quality for high class work
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Commercial Glass
 Tempered plate glass
– Glass plate is heated and suddenly cooled to give it a temper
– Much stronger than ordinary glass
– Used for glazing entrance doors, table tops, shelves, counters
 Laminated glass
– Two or more glass plates with intervening layers of
transparent plastic bound under heat and pressure
– Used for glazing windows and doors of buildings and land
transport
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Commercial Glass
 Wired glass
– Rough cast translucent glass with special steel wire mesh
embedded between layers of glass during manufacture
– Fire retardant and provides safety
– Special annealing process gives additional resistance to breakage
– Used where light and safety are both required
 Insulating glass
– Two or more glass layers with 6 to 12 mm intervening layers of
dehydrated air hermetically sealed
– Used for glazing windows and doors of buildings where heat
insulation and light transmission are both needed
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Commercial Glass
 Colored glass
– Various metal oxides are added to molten glass to provide
desired color
– Used for decoration work in buildings
 Heat absorbing glass
– Glass of bluish green tinge that cuts off ultra violet rays of sun
 Flint glass
– Lead glass which shines and takes up polish
– Used for cut glass work, as optical glass, electric bulbs, valves,
etc
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Commercial Glass
 Ground glass
– One face of sheet glass made rough and
translucent by grinding
– Used for privacy in bathrooms and bedrooms
windows etc
 Block glass
– Hollow sealed glass blocks of various sizes
– Squares, ribs, flutes, prisms, etc cast as such
– Used to provide heat and sound proof partitions
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Questions ???