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10813318
10813318
ARCH
3. DERIVATIONS AND
EXAMPLES.
Supports Reactions of a three-hinged
Arch:
1.Analytical Method.
2.Graphical Method.
3. DERIVATIONS AND
EXAMPLES. (contd.)
Analytical Method:
When a system of vertical load is applied to a three hinged, a
vertical and horizontal reactions will arise at each of two
supports making four reactions to be determined at all. In
addition of three equations of equilibrium, a fourth equation
can be used in the case of a three hinged arch; this equation
demonstrates that the bending moment at the hinge C equals
zero both right or to the left of this hinge.
Left ξ Mc = 0 or right ξ Mc = 0.
Analytical Method.
General Steps:
In the case of an ordinary arch as shown above, we may
first write the equilibrium equation for the moments of all
forces about hinge B which will contain only one vertical
reaction Va.
Then we will use the equation left ξ Mc = 0. this equation
may contain the reactions Va which has been just
determined and the unknown reaction Ha.
Then we may proceed with the solution of an equation
demonstrating that the moment of all the external forces
about hinge A is zero which will give us the value of
reaction Vb.
Then we obtain the magnitude of Hb by equating to zero
the projection of all the external forces on the horizontal.
The computation just described may be checked using the
equations
ξ Y = 0 and ξ Mc = 0.
Analytical Method. (contd.)
DERIVTION of
REACTIONS.
Va = Vb = ½ q*l
Ha = Hb =q*l/4
Graphical Method
Steps:
The graphical determination of the reactions requires
that the resultants R1 and R2 of all the forces applied to
the left and to the right of the central hinge should be
found in the first place. The reactions induced by each of
these resultants R1 and R2 will then are determined,
their summation giving the final value of the reactions
required.
Consider the following arch:
Graphical Method (contd.)
We may start with determining the reactions at
the support caused by the application of the
force R1. In this case the reaction at the right
hand support B1 must pass through the hinge at
this support and the hinge C at the crown as
otherwise the right hand portion if the arch
which is subjected solely to the reaction at B1
and the interaction of hinge C could not remain
in equilibrium.
with reaction A1 arising at the left hand support,
the arch as a whole will be in equilibrium under
the action of three forces A1, B1, R1.
Graphical Method (contd.)
Theoretical Mechanics states that three
coplanar forces acting on a body in
equilibrium must concur at one and the
same point.
The use of this theorem enables us to find
the direction of reaction A1 after which the
force polygon will give us the magnitude of
both the support reactions A1 and B1.
The support Reactions A2 and B2 due to the
application of right hand resultant R2 will be
found in exactly the same way.
Graphical Method (contd.)
Some Examples:
3. DERIVATIONS AND EXAMPLES
Determination of stresses in Three
Hinged Circular Arches:
-Va* 45 + H*13 = 0
H = 6945.75/13 =
534.288kN
Example 3 (contd.)
Calculation of internal forces at
section x:
Resolve vertically all the forces:
S sin60 + T cos60 = -154.350
Resolve horizontally all the forces
acting at section x:
T sin60 – S cos60 = -534.288
Now solving simultaneously, we get:
S = - 154.350*sin60 +
534.288*cos60
S = -13.26 + 267.144 = 253.884 kN
T = -154.350*cos60 – 534.288*sin60
T = -77.175 – 462.71 = -539.88 kN
Now Bending moment at section x
M + 534.288(52 sin60 – 39) –
154.350(45 – 52 cos 60) = 0
M = - 3223.53 + 2932.65 =
-290.88 kN.m
(this solution is valid for when 49° <
Ф < 90°)
Example 4
4. The Transverse Arch:
Location: Mahdia Mosque. Iraq.
Built in: 8th Century.
Example 4 (contd.)
Calculation of Reactions:
ξ MA = 0
- 10(5 – 5 cos45) – 10(5 + 5
cos 45) + Vb*10 = 0
Vb = (14.64 +85.35)/10
Vb = 99.99/10 = 9.9 or 10N
ξ Fy = 0
Va – 10 – 10 +10 = 0
Va = 10N.
ξ L Mc = 0
-10*5 + Ha*5 + 10*3.535 =
0
Ha = 14.644/5 = 3N
And Hb = 3N
Example 4 (contd.)
Calculation of internal forces:
1. At section x1:
Normal force = Nx1 = - 10 sin15 + 3
cos15
= -9.66 -0.776
= -10.4N (comp)
Shear force = Sx1 = -10 sin15 + 3 cos 15
= -2.588 + 2.897
= 0.309N
Moment = Mx1 = 10(5-5 cos15) –
3*5*sin15
= 1.704-3.882
= - 2.178N.m
2. At section x2:
Nx2 = - 10 cos30 – 3 sin30
= - 0.866 – 1.5
= - 10.16N (comp)
Sx2 = -10 sin30 + 3 cos30
= -5 +2.6 = -2.4N
Mx2 = 10(5 -5 cos30) – 3*5*sin30
= 6.699 – 7.5 = -0.801N.m
Example 4 (contd.)
2.At section x3:
Nx3 = -10 cos45 – 3 sin45 + 10 cos45
= - 2.12N
Sx3 = - 10 sin45 + 3 cos45 + 10 sin45
= 2.12N
Mx3 = 10(5 – 5 cos45) – 3*5*sin45
– 10(5 cos45 – 5 cos45)
= 14.64 – 10.61 = 4N.m.
4. At section x4:
Nx4 = -10 cos60 – 3 sin60 + 10 cos60
= - 2.598 or -2.6N
Sx4 = - 10 sin60 + 3 cos60 + 10 sin60
= 1.5N
Mx4 = 10(5 - 5 cos60) – 3*5*sin60
– 10( 5 cos45 – 5 cos60)
= 25 – 12.94 – 10.355
= 1.704N.m
Example 4 (contd.)
5. At section x5:
Nx5 = - 10 cos75 – 3 sin75 + 10 cos75
= - 2.89N
Sx5 = - 10 sin75 + 3 cos75 + 10 sin75
= 0.776N
Mx5 = 10(5 - 5 cos75) – 3*5*sin75
– 10( 5 cos45 – 5 cos75)
= 37.06 – 14.49 – 22.41
= 0.16N.m
6. At section x6:
Nx6 = -10 cos90 – 3 sin90 + 10 cos90
= - 3N
Sx6 = - 10 sin90 + 3 cos90 + 10 sin90
= 0N
Mx6 = 10(5 - 5 cos90) – 3*5*sin90
– 10( 5 cos45 – 5 cos90)
= 50 – 15 – 10(3.5)
= 0N.m
Example 4 (contd.)
Note: Since the arch is symmetrical so we will
analyse only one half of the arch.