By : Dr Sukirno M.

Eng
 EXTERNAL FLOW
The flow of unbounded fluid over a surface outside of an immmersed body, such
as aircraft wings, cars.
 INTERNAL FLOW
The flow within the boundary walls of pipes, duct channel.  
 ONE DIMENSION FLOW

In general, all fluids flow three-dimensionally, with the flow

parameter P, V and  changing in all directions.

In many cases, the greatest changes only occur in one direction,

that is the direction of flow, while other direction can be ignored,
making analysis much more simple.

AN EXAMPLE OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL
FLOW IS THE FLOW IN A PIPE
 ONE DIMENSIONALY INTERNAL FLOW

The flow within the boundary walls of pipes, duct channel.  

IMPORTANT FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION

1. CONTINUITY EQUATION
(Mass Conservation)

2. BERNOULLI EQUATION
(Energy Conservation)
 THE CONSERVATION OF MASS
m
2

m
1
steady flow
Accumulation = 0

 dM 
  0
 dt  x

1 m
m 2 0

Rate of mass entering = Rate of mass leaving

 CONTINUITY
EQUATION
Accumulation = 0
Rate of mass entering = Rate of mass leaving

1 m
m 2 0

m  ρ A v  ρ A v
1 1 1 2 2 2
 Example

Flow through a pipe of changing diameter

Water flows through a 4.0 cm diameter pipe at 5 cm/s.

The pipe then narrows downstream and has a diameter of of 2.0 cm.
What is the velocity of the water through the smaller pipe?
 Example

If pipe 1 diameter = 50mm, mean velocity 2m/s,

pipe 2 diameter 40mm takes 30% of total discharge and
pipe 3 diameter 60mm.
What are the values of discharge and mean velocity in
each point of branch pipe ?
 Example phenomenon
A stream of water gets narrower as it falls from a
faucet (try it & see)

Explain this phenomenon using

V1
A1 the equation of continuity

A2
V2 • As water falls down V1 will be increased
to V2 because of gravity.

• Therefore A1 should decreases to A2

• So that A1V1=A2V2 , the mass conservaion

is fullfilled.

22
 UNSTEADY FLOW
Rate of mass entering ≠ Rate of mass leaving

Accumulation ≠ 0
 dM 
   m in  m out
 dt  sys

Example :
A tank is filled with water constant flow rate qi . If the
flowrate out q is changing, find height of the level of the
tank .
 Solution

d (M )
m i  m o 
dt
qi d ( Ah)
 i qi   o q o 
dt
d ( Ah)
 i qi   o qo 
dt

d ( Ah)
 qi  qo
dt

qo d ( h) 1
 (qi  q )
dt A

changing
 One from of energy equation

P V2  dWother
(  gz  )  F
 2 dm

energy losses
Pressure kinetic
due to Friction
Energy energy

Mechanical
Potential work
Energy

Each item has unit energy per mass

 P V2  dWother mV12 mV22
 (  gz  )  F mgh1   mgh2 
 2 dm 2 2

Kinetic
energy
In which type of problem is
this equation applied? Potential
energy
 PROBLEM EXAMPLE

mV12 mV22
mgh1   mgh2 
2 2
1
An object at the height 100m from
the earth,
100 m initially at rest then falls down to earth

If the mass of the object is 1 kg,

2 Calculate the velocity of the object just
before hitting the earth
 P V2  dWother
(  gz  )  F
 2 dm
The equation relates the states at 2 points along a single streamline,

the sum of all forms of energy is remaining constant at all points on that streamline.
 BERNOULLI
CAN BE DERIVED FROM THERMODYNAMICS
OR ENERGY BALANCE
 ENERGY FORM
Kinetic energy is the energy in moving objects or mass.
{
MECHANICS

Potential energy is any form of stored energy of position

(The gravitational potential energy)

The internal energy

Heat

Work
•Mechanical work
•Volume work/Pressure
 ENERGY BALANCE (TERMODYNAMICS)
Energy can be transferred to the system from surroundings, or vice versa

dQ
Heat
dt Volume-changing dWinjection
dmin piston
m  Heating cooling jacket
dt Volume work dt
Fluida
Flow in

Internal Energy Propeler Flow out

Potential Energy dm
Kinetics Energy Mechanical work m  out
dt
 V2  dWother
(u  gz  )
 2  dt Internal Energy
Potential Energy
Kinetics Energy
 INJECTION WORK (VOLUME WORK)

beginning Change of energy in step 1

Piston move  V2  V2
d m(u  gz  )  (u  gz  )in dmin
 2  sys 2
Constant pressure

Step 1 Change of energy in step 2

Piston move back
 V2 
d m(u  gz  )   ( Pvin )dmin
INJECTION WORK  2  sys
W=PV
Step 2
Change of energy in step 1 and 2
 V2  V2
d m(u  gz  )  (u  Pv  gz  )in dmin
 2  sys 2
 ENERGY BALANCE (TERMODYNAMICS)

Heating cooling jacket Volume-changing

piston

Accumulation = Flow in - Flow out

 V2  V2
d m(u  gz  )  (u  gz  ) in dmin  dQin   dWin  other  ( Pvin )dmin
 2  sys 2
V2
 (u  gz  ) out dmout  dQout   dWout  other ( Pvout )dmout
2
  V2 
2
V
d m(u  gz  )  (u  gz  )in dmin  ( Pvin ) dmin
 2  sys 2

V2
 (u  gz  ) out dmout  ( Pvout )dmout  dQin  dQout   dWin  other   dWout  other
2

 V2  V2
d m(u  gz  )  (u  gz  ) in dmin  ( Pvin )dmin
 2  sys 2
V2
 (u  gz  ) out dmout  ( Pvout ) dmout  dQ  dWother
2
 ENERGY BALANCE

 V2  V2
d m(u  gz  )  (u  Pv  gz  ) in dmin
 2  sys 2

V2
 (u  Pv  gz  ) out dmout  dQ  dWother
2
?
ENTALPY

 V2  V2 V2
d m(u  gz  )  (h  gz  ) in dmin  (h  gz  ) out dmout  dQ  dWother
 2  sys 2 2
 ENERGY BALANCE IN PROSES SYSTEM?
 V2  V2 V2
d m(u  gz  )  (h  gz  ) in dmin  (h  gz  ) out dmout  dQ  dWother
 2  sys 2 2

This energy equation will take simple form when it is applied to specific
system equipment

ADIABATIC THROTTLE TURBIN & COMPRESOR

SIMPLE HEATER SIMPLE REACTOR

Steady state flow, Steady state flow,
 ENERGY BALANCE for THROTTLE PROSES

ADIABATIC THROTTLE Steady flow

P1 P2 Adiabatic

work=0

horizontal
V1=V2

 V2  V2 V2
d m(u  gz  )  (h  gz  ) in dmin  (h  gz  ) out dmout  dQ  dWother
 2  sys 2 2

hin dmin  hout dmout

 ENERGY BALANCE for TURBIN/COMPRESSOR

Steady flow
TURBIN & COMPRESSOR
Elevation difference is neglected

Q is neglected

Kinetic energy diff is neglected

 V2  V2 2
d m(u  gz  )  (h  gz  ) in dmin  (h  gz  V ) dm  dQ  dW
 2  sys 2 2
out out other

dWa.o
 hin  hout
dm
 ENERGY BALANCE for Heater

 V2  V2 V2
d m(u  gz  )  (h  gz  ) in dmin  (h  gz  ) out dmout  dQ  dWother
 2  sys 2 2

Steady flow SIMPLE HEATER

Flowing horizontally.

Δ V is neglected

Work =0

dQ
 hout  hin
dm
 ENERGY BALANCE for SIMPLE REACTOR

 V2  V2 V2
d m(u  gz  )  (h  gz  ) in dmin  (h  gz  ) out dmout  dQ  dWother
 2  sys 2 2

Steady flow SIMPLE REACTOR

Flowing horizontally.

Δ V is neglected

Work =0

dQ  hin dmin  hout dmout

dQ
 h product  hreac tan
dm
 ENERGY BALANCE
FOR A STEADY INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW

 V2
 V 2 V2
d m(u  gz  )  (h  gz  ) in dmin  (h  gz  ) out dmout  dQ  dWother
2 2 2
  sys This parameter
is pulled out from h

P
h  (u  Pv)  (u  )


 V2  P V2
d m(u  gz  )  (u   gz  )in dmin
 2  sys  2
P V2
 (u   gz  ) out dmout  dQ  dWother
 2
 ENERGY BALANCE BERNOULLI

 V2  P V2 2
d m(u  gz  )  (u   gz  ) in dmin  (u  P  gz  V ) out dmout  dQ  dWother
 2  sys  2  2

Steady 
  u 
dQ 

 dm 

P V2  dWother  dQ 
 (  gz  )    u  
 2 dm  dm 

P V2  dWother
(  gz  )  F
 2 dm
 BERNOULLI EQUATION

P V2  dWother
(  gz  )  F
 2 dm
Each term has unit of energy per mass

HEAD FORM OF BERNOULLI EQUATION

P V2  dWother F
( z ) 
g 2g gdm g

Each term has unit of energy per weight

This form is intensively used when talk about energy a pump
 ZERO FLOW ON BERNOULLI EQUATION

V=0, W=0, F=0

P V2  dWother F
( z ) 
g 2g gdm g

P
 gz

ZERO FLOW =STATIK,
BERNOULLI EQUATION INTRO PROBLEM
WITHOUT FRICTION
 BERNOULLI EQUATION
under condition of neglected Friction Losses

P V2  dWother
(  gz  )  F
 2 dm

F0
 PROBLEM EXAMPLE
atmosfer

 Calculate the flowrate of

water through hole C , if
A
 the area of the hole is 1cm2

 the hole is 100cm below the

B
fluid surface

 friction loses very small

C

36
 QUESTION : Calculate VC
V1=0
Apply Bernoulli 1  C, no work, F=0
1
P1=1 Atm
z1
P V2
 dWother
(  gz  )  F
 2 dm
P V2 A
 (  gz  )  0
 2
100cm
P1/+gz1 + ½ V12 = PC/+gzC + ½VC2 B
d=1cm2

gz1 + ½ V12 = gzC + ½VC2 PC=1 Atm

C zC
VC = 2gz1 –zC)
2

VC  2  ( gz1  zC ) VC=?

36
 SPEED OF FLUID FLOW OUT OF THE TANK

A large bucket full of water has two drains.

One is a hole in the side of the bucket at the
bottom, and the other is a pipe coming out of
the bucket near the top, which bent is
downward such that the bottom of this pipe even
with the other hole, like in the picture below:

Through which drain is the water spraying out

with the highest speed?

1. The hole
2. The pipe
3. Same CORRECT

40
 a Roof House
when a 30 m/s wind (1.29 kg/m3) blows over the top.

 Calculate the net lift on a 15 m x 15 m house

48
 A Roof House (15 m x 15 m)
 When a 30 m/s wind (1.29 kg/m3) blows over the top.
 Calculate the net lift on a house
V2
wind P2
2
Roof Z2=Z1
v1=0 1
P1
stagnant

Apply Bernoulli 12

P V2
(  gz  )  0
 2
P1+gZ1 + ½ v12 = P2+gZ2 + ½v22
F = (P1-P2) A
F= 581 N/ m2 (15 m)(15 m)
P1 – P2 = ½  (v – v1 )
2
2 2

= 131,000 N
= ½ (1.29) (302) N / m2
= 29,000 pounds!
= 581 N/ m2 48
AIRCRAFT’S WING
AIRCRAFT’S WING
Drag Force
U 2
Fd  C d A
2

Lift Force
U 2
FL  C L A
2
 EXAMPLE : FLOWING WATER FROM A TANK

Water is discharging from a tank through a convergent-

divergent mouthpiece, with the minimum diameter is
0.05m. The losses there may be neglected. If the
head in the tank above the centre-line of the
mouthpiece is 1.83m. Assume atmospheric pressure is
10m of water

a) What is the discharge Q if the absolute pressure

at the minimum area is 2.44m of water?
b) What must be the diameter at the exit
c) What would the discharge be if the divergent part
of the mouth piece were removed.
 SKETCH THE PROBLEM
a tank through a convergent-divergent mouthpiece, with
Water is discharging from

the minimum diameter is 0.05m. The losses there may be neglected.

If the head in the tank above the centre-line of the mouthpiece is 1.83m.
Assume atmospheric pressure is 10m of water

Sketch the problem, with known parameter

 Question a
ANALYSIS :
If
Q=A1 V1 = A2 V2
{ A2 =(1/2 d2)2
V2=?
Bernoulli eq. at point 1, 2 no work and F=0

P V2
 (  gz  )  0
 2
2 2
P1 V P V
Q?  z1  1  2  z 2  2
g 2 g g 2g

CALCULATION :
2
V2
(10  183  0)  2,44  0 
2g
2
 0,05 
V2  137 m/s Q  A 2 V2  1335  3 1
  0,02655m s
 2 
Question b ANALYSIS :
Diameter d3 ? Q=0,2665=V 3A3 V 3=?

Bernoulli 1  3
P V2
(  gz  )  0
 2
d3 ?
2 2
P1 V P V
 z1  1 )  3  z3  3
g 2g g 2g

CALCULATION : 2
V3
183  0  0 
2g

V3=5,99m/s
 Question c
ANALYSIS :
Q= A2 V2 V2=?
If the mouth piece has
been removed, Q=?
Bernoulli 1  2

P V2
(  gz  )  0
 2
2 2
P1 V P V
 z1  1 )  2  z2  2
g 2g g 2g
Q?
CALCULATION
2
V
183  0  0  2
2g

V2=5.99m/s

(0,05) 2
Q  5,99  0,0118 m 3 /s
4
What is he velocity at point 3 ?

Bernoulli 1  3
P V2
(  gz  )  0
 2
2 2
P1 V P V
 z1  1 )  3  z3  3
g 2g g 2g
2 2
V V
z1  1 )  z3  3
2g 2g

V3  2 g  Z1  Z 3 )   2  32.2(10)  25.3ft/s

V2  V3  25.3ft/s
For velocity V2  V3  25.3ft/s
Bernoulli 1  2
What is the pressure at point 2 ?
P V2
(  gz  )  0
 2
V1=0 P1 V
2
P V
2
 z1  1  2  z 2  2
g 2 g g 2g
V22 
P2  P1     g ( z 2  z1 ) e
 2 
lb f lb m  (25.2) 2 ft 2 ft  lb f s 2 ft 2
P2  14.7 2  64 3  2
 32.2 2 (40  10)ft    2
in ft  2 s s  32.2lb m ft 144in
lb f lbf
P2  (14.7  21.6)  6 .9 ? negatif
in 2 in 2

This flow is physically impossible. It is unreal.

P atm can never lift water more than 34 ft (10.4 m) above the water surface
It will not flow at all