PUMPING SYSTEM

GOOD PRACTICE
By Dr.Sukirno M.Eng
 PUMPING SYSTEM
2

s d

Bernouli point 1 to 2

P2  P1 V 2 dW F1s Fsd Fd 2
 ( z s  z1 )  ( z 2  z d )     
g 2g gdm g g g
pressure head velocity head
 TERMINOLOGY IN PUMPING SYSTEM
Suction Lift, Suction head.
A vertical distance from the surface of water to centerline of pump
impeller.

Discharge head.
A vertical distance from the centerline of the impeller to point of
discharge.

Hydraulic loss.
Is frictional losses due to pipe wall friction, elbow, design, joints, gate
valves, sudden reduction or enlargement of pipe size.

Total Dynamic Head (TDH).

Is the sum of the head in suction, discharge, hydraulic losses and the
velocity
 PUMPING SYSTEM
2

s d

Bernouli point s to d Bernouli point 1 to 2

Pd  Ps V 2 dW Fds
 z    P2  P1 V 2 dW Fds
g 2g gdm g  z 2  z1   
g 2g gdm g
Pd  Ps dW dW F

g gdm   ( z2  z1 )  12
Pd  Ps F gdm g
 ( z 2  z1 )  12
g g
OPERATING POINT

Pd  Ps F
 ( z 2  z1 )  12
g g
CURVE OF HEAD OF PUMPING SYSTEM
Pd  Ps F
 ( z 2  z1 )  12
g g

Pump head
Friction head.

Static head
 CURVE OF HEAD OF PUMPING SYSTEM

1. It represents the relationship between the head of the

pump and hydraulic or friction losses in a system in a
graphic form.

2. Since friction losses vary as a square of the flow rate,

the system curve is parabolic in shape. 

3. Friction losses in piping systems are composed of pipe

friction losses, valves, elbows and other fittings,
entrance and exit losses, and losses from changes in
pipe size by enlargement or reduction in diameter.
Pump Performace Curve

At impeller diameter constant rpm

 Two-fold purposes of
Pump Performance Curve

1. Selection of a pump that will give maximum

efficiency under any local condition; and

2. Adapt the pump to the best operating

condition at the lowest possible cost or best
efficiency, by considering SYSTEM
CURVE.
PROBLEM EXAMPLE
AND ANSWER
 Reading Pump Curve
9.6 From a pump (1750rpm) charactrisitc curve. When water
flowrate = 50m3/s and the power needed is 225hp, what is the
pump’s effiensi?
Question : eff 
Known
Q, , BHP

FHP gHQ
 
BHP BHP

FHP  gHQ

H  f (Q)
(from curve)
 TEMPERATURE RISE OF PUMPED WATER

Given data, Water is pumped at Q=50 galon/min, P

suction 5 psi, and discharge 30 psi, BHP=2,8hp, find
efficiency and temperatur increase

Question : eff  and T2-T1 Td

FHP dW P  Ps
 FHP  m  d Q Ts
BHP dm  Pd
Elost
BHP  FHP  Ps
dt
Elost  m C p T  QC p (Td  T )

(1   ) BHP
Td  Ts 
QC p
HORSE POWER UNIT CONVERSION
Pd  Ps dW

g gdm

dW dW lb f ft
FHP  m  
dm dt s

dW P P PQ
BHP  m  m  Q 
dm   

PQ lbf ft 3 lbf . ft

BHP   2 
 ft s s

lbf . ft hp. min 60s

BHP  X X  hp(horse power )
s 3300lbf . ft min
 FHP (Fluid Horse Power)
9.2
Calculate FHP and BHP to pump 500 Td
galon per menit of water from inlet 5
psig to outlet 30 psig. Pump Ts
efficiency 70%. Pd
Ps
Q=500 galon/min
P1=5 psi, P2=30 psi
= 0.7 dW P  Ps
FHP  m  d Q
dm 

32.2lbm. ft
1 FHP
lbf .s 2 BHP 

HORSE POWER UNIT CONVERSION
P V 2 dW
 zg   F
 2 dm

dW dW lb f ft
FHP  m  
dm dt s

dW P P PQ
BHP  m  m  Q 
dm   

PQ lbf ft 3 lbf . ft

BHP   2 
 ft s s

lbf . ft hp. min 60s

BHP  X X  hp(horse power )
s 3300lbf . ft min
 HEAD UNIT CONVERSION
(British Unit)

32.2lbm ft
P V 2 dW F 1
 z    lb f s 2
g 2g gdm g

dW lb f ft lb f s 2 32.2lbm ft
    ft
gdm ft  lbm lbm lb f s 2
s2

ft 2
V 2 2
H velocity   s  ft
2g ft
s2

lb f
144in 2

P in 2 ft 2 lb f s 2 32.2lbm ft
H pressure    144   ft
g ft lbm lbm lb f s 2

2 3
s ft
 HEAD UNIT CONVERSION
(SI Unit)

P V 2 dW F
 z   
g 2g gdm g

m
kg m m
dW N m s 2
  m
gdm m  kg m m  kg m
s2 s2

m2
V 2 2
H velocity   s m
2g m
s2

N kg m m
P 2
 m  s m m
2 2
H pressure 
g m kg m m kg m
s 2 m3 s 2 m3
MINIMUM FLOW
PUMP SURGING
 Pump Minimum Flow

The lowest continous flow at which the pump was

permitted to operate. Therefore recirculation line is needed
for centrifugal pump to savely operate at constant speed
drive.
RETURN LINE OF PUMPING SYSTEM
MINIMUM FLOW IN CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

Small pumps 30%, and larger and multistage pumps

50% of BEP flow of the BEP (best efficiency point).
 Pump surging
Surge occurs when the flow through a pump begins to greatly
fluctuate, even when the pump is being driven at a constant
speed. This is typical for centrifugal pumps, which
develop pumping pressure by slowing down the fast moving
liquid “flung” by the rotating impeller.

Surges are caused by sudden changes in flow velocity that

result from common causes such as rapid valve
closure, pump starts and stops, and improper filling
practices
 Pump Surging
When this discharge pressure gets high enough and the
pump cannot overcome it any more, and the water may
start to flow backwards.

When the water starts to flow backwards, the pump slows

down. The impeller will start to spin backwards building up
pressure again. The water inside the pump will shift back
and forth. This cycle of flowing/spinning forwards and
backwards will destroy your thrust bearing and destroy
your pump.
 SERIES PUMPING
When two (or more) pumps are arranged in
serial their resulting pump performance
curve is obtained by adding their heads at the
same flow rate.

Centrifugal pumps in series are used

to overcome larger system head loss
than one pump can handle alone.
for two identical pumps in series the head will be
twice the head of a single pump at the same flow rate
- as indicated with point 2. 
for two identical pumps in parallel and the head
kept constant - the flow rate doubles compared to a
single pump as indicated with point 2
PARALLEL
PUMPING

3" pump 4" pump 3" & 4" pump

TDH FLOW TDH FLOW TDH FLOW

90' 0 GPM 90' 360 GPM 90' 360 GPM

87.5' 50 GPM 87.5' 410 GPM 87.5' 460 GPM

85' 100 GPM 85' 460 GPM 85' 560 GPM

80' 160 GPM 80' 470 GPM 80' 580 GPM

OPERATING POINT (A) OPERATING POINT (B) OPERATING POINT (C)

70' 300 GPM 87.5' 410 GPM 87.5' 460 GPM

Parallel Pumping
Identical Pumps

TDH FLOW TDH FLOW

130' 100 GPM 130' 200 GPM

120' 190 GPM 120' 380 GPM

110' 280 GPM 110' 560 GPM

100 360 GPM 100 720 GPM

OPERATING POINT (A) OPERATING POINT (B)

85' 470 GPM 105' 660 GPM

Pumps in Parallel - Flow Rate Added
When two or more pumps are arranged in parallel their
resulting performance curve is obtained by adding the pumps
flow rates at the same head

Centrifugal pumps in parallel are used to overcome larger

volume flows than one pump can handle alone.
 PUMP’S
COMPARISON
 AFFINITY LAWS FOR PUMP
Capacity
proportional to impeller speed and/or impeller diameter.

Head
proportional to the square of speed and diameter

Power
proportional to the cube of speed and diameter (as does NPSH)
 Problem example

A centrifugal pump with the impeller diameter held

constant and the rpm is change from 1750 to 3500.

What is the change in Capacity, Head, and Power ?

Given data :
N1= 1750 change to N2 = 3500. Q2=?, H2=?, FHP2=?

Flow:
Q1 / Q 2 = N 1 / N 2
Example:   100 / Q2 = 1750/3500
Q2 = 200 GPM

Head:
H1/H2 = (N1)2 x / (N2)2
Example:    100 /H2 = (1750 / 3500)2=1/4
H2 = 400 Ft

Horsepower (FHP):
FHP1 /FHP2 = (N1)3 / (N2)3
Example:
FHP2 = 100/FHP2=(1750/3500)3=1/8
FHP2 = 800
 SPECIFIC SPEED
(derivation and meaning)
A “modeling law” or “model law” or “factoring law.” is used
when a designer wishes to “model” a pump to one of a
different size.
Each dimension of the pump is multiplied by the same factor,
the modeling factor, “f.” The existing pump is designated with
the subscript “1” and the new pump with the subscript “2.”
Then:
SPECIFIC SPEED

Dimensionaless number

1 3 3
1 m 3
 1 m
2
m 2 2
Q N  
2   3   
 s  s s2  s 
3 3

H 
3
4
 DN  2X
4 m
 
2

2 s
 SPECIFIC SPEED

is an index number of pump design to be used as

clasification of pump geometry or shape of
impeller.

impeller with a low Ns has a thin profile and a large outside

diameter (D2) relative to the eye diameter (D1).
An impeller with a high Ns has a fat profile and has an eye
diameter (D1) that is closer in size to the impeller (D2)
SPECIFIC SPEED COMPARISON

An impeller with a
low Ns has a thin
profile and a large
outside diameter
(D2) relative to the
D2
eye diameter (D1).
D2 D1
An impeller with a
high Ns has a fat
Head Pump1 < Head Pump2 profile and has (D1)
that is closer in size
Ns Pump1 > Ns Pump2 to the impeller (D2)
 Specific Speed and Pump

axial flow impellers are

radial l flow impellers
high flow low head
are low flow high head
designs.
designs.

Specific Speed, Ns
CENTRIFUGAL FLOW PUMP

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
 Mixed Flow Pump

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
 Axial Flow Pump

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
EXAMPLE OF PUMP YPES
MULTI-STAGE
VERTICAL MULTI-STAGE
 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP
Reciprocating-type

pumps work using an expanding cavity on the suction side and

a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the
pump as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid
flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses.

positive displacement pumps are "constant flow machines".

A relief or safety valve on the discharge side of the positive

displacement pump is therefore necessary.
PISTON PUMP
 PISTON PUMP
1. Cylinder
2. Reciprocating plunger.
3. Suction and Discharge valves.

OPERATION
•suction stroke
the plunger retracts and
the suction valves open
causing suction of fluid
into the cylinder.

•forward stroke
the plunger pushes the
liquid out of the
discharge valve.
 PISTON PUMP CAPACITY
Example Problem
Speed=1Hz
1Hz- N= 1 cycle/second
How many galon per menit
N = 60 cycle/minute Q can be transfer by piston
pump with area 10in2 and
stroke length 5 in , speed n
L=5in speed 1 Hz.

A=1in2

Q = A.L.N

Q = 1 in2x 5in x 60 per meni

= 300 in3/menit
Diaphragm Pump
Dutch Cruquius Pump
PD PUMP VS Centrifugal PUMP

Characteristics PD Pump Centrifugal

Normal volumetric rate Low High
Pressure difference per stage High Low
Fixed Variabel Flow Pressure
Self-priming Yes No
Number of moving parts Many Little
Output Pulse Steady
Working well at high viscosity Yes No
 GEAR PUMPS

Two meshed gears rotating in a closely fitted casing. Fluid is pumped around
the outer periphery by being trapped in the tooth spaces. It does not travel back
on the meshed part, since the teeth mesh closely in the centre.

It is widely used on car engine oil pumps, and also in various hydraulic power
 VANE PUMP

• A circular rotor rotating inside of a larger circular cavity. The centers of the
circles is offset, causing eccentricity.
• Vanes are allowed to slide into and out of the rotor and seal on all edges,
creating vane chambers that do the pumping work
• On the intake side, the vane chambers are filled with fluid forced in by the
inlet pressure
 SCREW PUMP
this pump has two screws turning against each other pump the liquid.
 PERISTALTIC PUMP

The fluid is contained within a flexible tube fitted inside a circular pump casing.
A rotor with a number of "rollers", or "wipers" attached to the external
circumference compresses the flexible tube.

As the rotor turns, the part of the tube under compression closes (or "occludes")
thus forcing the fluid to be pumped to move through the tube.
ROPE PUMP A rope, a wheel and a PVC pipe
are sufficient to make a simple
rope pump.
CHAIN PUMP
NON MECHANICAL PUMP
Jet Pump
 Air Lift Pump

air inserted into pipe, pushing up the water, when bubbles

move upward, or on pressure inside pipe pushing water up.
 HYDROLIC RAM PUMPS

Delivery
pipe
drive pipe
 RAM PUMPS

Basic components :
1. Inlet – drive pipe
2. Free flow at waste valve
3. Outlet – delivery pipe
4. Waste valve (loaded)
5. Delivery check valve
6. Pressure vessel

A simplified hydraulic ram

1. Initially, the waste valve [4] is open, and the delivery valve [5] is closed.
2. The water in the drive pipe [1] starts to flow under the force of gravity and
picks up speed and kinetic energy until the increasing drag force shuts the
waste valve.
3. The momentum of the water flow in the supply pipe causes a water hammer
raises the pressure, opens the delivery valve [5], and forces some water to
flow into the delivery pipe [3].

4. This water is forced uphill through the delivery pipe farther than it is falling
downhill from the source. when the flow reverses, the delivery check valve
closes.

5. Then the loaded waste valve reopens against the now static head, which
allows the process to begin again.

6. A pressure vessel [6] containing air cushions the hydraulic pressure

shock when the waste valve closes, and it also improves the pumping
efficiency by allowing a more constant flow through the delivery pipe

The optimum length of the drive pipe is five to twelve times the vertical distance between
the source and the pump, or 500 to 1000 times the diameter of the delivery pipe,