MVJ College of Engineering, Bengaluru.

(An Autonomous Institute)

Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised
Title
by of Paper
UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B),
Accredited by NBA & NAAC
DEEP NEURAL NETWORKS : ANALYSIS OF MEDICAL IMAGES
Presented by-
Geetha. R
Revanth. M
MVJ College Of Engineering MVJ
College Of Engineering
Bengaluru,Karnataka.
Bengaluru,Karnataka.
geetha.ec@mvjce.edu.in
revagowda@icloud.com
 Outline
 Introduction:
 What is deep learning?
 Why deep learning over machine learning?
 Neural Network and Deep Learning Architecture
 Deep Learning for Medical Imaging
 Open Research Issues and Future Directions
 Conclusion
 References
 Introduction:
What is Deep Learning?

 AI function that mimics the workings of the human brain in processing data for use in decision
making.
 Able to learn from data that is both unstructured and unlabeled. 
 CNN, or ConvNet is a class of deep neural networks, most commonly applied for analyzing
visual imagery.
 Requires only a set of data with minor preprocessing
 Allows non-experts in MI to effectively use deep learning for their own researches and/or
applications, especially in medical imaging.
WHY DEEP LEARNING OVER MI?
 Traditional MI algorithms for image interpretation rely heavily on
expert crafted features. Due to the extensive variation from
patient to patient data, These methods are not reliable.

 Now deep learning has got great interest in each and every field
and especially in this domain and it is expected that it will hold
$300 million medical imaging market by 2021.

 It is the most effective and supervised machine learning

approach.
 Neural Network and Deep Learning
Architecture

Consists
 of input layer that is directly connected to output layer and was
good to classify linearly separable patterns.

To
 solve more complex pattern, neural network was introduced that has
a layered architecture i.e., input layer, output layer and one or more
hidden layers.

Neural network consist of interconnected neurons that takes input and

perform some processing on the input data, and finally forward the
current layer output to the coming layer.


 Neural Network and Deep Learning Architecture contn..

 Each neuron in the network sums up the input data

and apply the activation function that might be
propagated to the next layer.

 Adding more hidden layers knows as Deep Neural

network allows to deal with complex nonlinear
relationship.

 Extra layers in DNN enable composition of features

from lower layers to the upper layer by giving the
potential of modeling complex data.
Neural Network and Deep Learning Architecture contn..

Deep Neural Networks:

A deep network can essentially memorize all possible
mappings after successful training with a sufficiently large
knowledge database and make intelligent predictions
Video: On working of Neural Networks
 Deep Learning for Medical Imaging:

 Deep learning requires massive amount of training

dataset
 Unavailability of dataset is one the biggest barrier
in the success of deep learning in medical
imaging.
 Development of large medical imaging data is
quite challenging
 It requires multiple expert opinion to overcome
the human error.
 Deep Learning for Medical Imaging: contn..

CNN based architecture:

 Nature of data differ from hardware to hardware
thus there exist large variation in images due to
sensors and other factors.
 Deep Learning for Medical Imaging: contn..

 Breadth of any applications medical sector

requires to combine several different datasets for
better algorithms learning and accuracy.
 Interoperability is backbone to critical
improvements in health sector and yet has to
become a reality.
 Issues in Deep learning is so called black-box
problem
 Machine learning algorithms get bunch of data as
input, identify patterns and build predictive
model but understanding how the model worked is
a big issue
Deep Learning for Medical Imaging: contn..

The use of Convolutional filters….

 Deep Learning for Medical Imaging: contn..

 Deep convolutional networks are actively used for the

purpose of medical image analysis.

 Includes application areas such as segmentation,

abnormality detection, disease classification, computer
aided diagnosis and retrieval. 
 Analysis On Human anatomical regions

 Eye: Neural network techniques related to the perception of the eyes, most of

the functions  work with basic CNNs for color fundus imaging (CFI) research.
 Chest: Some activities add stuff originating from deep networks to existing
toolchains or use handcrafted features to equate CNNs with traditional
algorithms strategies.
 Brain: A significant series of studies discuss Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and
brain tissue fragmentation including structural features (e.g. hippocampus).
 Cardiac: MRI is  best studied modality and the more common function is left
ventricle segmentation, but the range of implementations is very varied
 Open Research Issues and Future
Directions

While deep learning potential benefits are extremely significant and so are the
initial efforts and costs.
Big companies like Google DeepMind, IBS Watson, research labs along with leading
hospitals and vendors are coming together and working toward the optimal solution
of big medical imaging.
Siemen, Philips, Hitachi and GE Healthcare etc. have already made significant
investments. Similarly research lab such as Google, IBM are also investing towards
the delivery of efficient imaging applications.
IBM Watson is working with more than 15 healthcare provides to learn how deep
learning could work in real world. Similarly google DeepMind health is collaborating
with NHS, UK to apply deep learning on different healthcare applications.
 CONCLUSION
 Penetration of deep learning in healthcare especially in medical image is quite
slow as compare to the other real world problems.
 Get enough training data without effecting the performance of deep learning
algorithms.
 Look for more sophisticated deep learning methods that can deal complex
healthcare data efficiently.
References:
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Artificial convolution neural network techniques and applications for lung nodule
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 Bengio, Y. , Lamblin, P. ,Popovici, D. , Larochelle, H. , 2007. Greedy layer-wise
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 Hinton, G.E., Osindero, S., Teh, Y.-W., 2006. A fast learning algorithm for deep
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 Slide reference- GOOGLE SITE-https://arxiv.org/pdf/1704.06825.pdf