Etching

Legler et al (1990) --Etching with 10% or 37% phosphoric acid produced high bond
strengths (28 MPa),

10% maleic acid reduced the bond strength to 18 MPa,

10% polyacrylic acid

Crystal growth theory-jon Arton
Laser etching of enamel by an- Von Fraunhofer- Nd:YAG laser -12 seconds -3 W)
Serder Vsumuz- ErCr:YsGG
SEP- kylmaz et al-- compared shear bond strength of 3 different self-etching primers and
found the Transbond Plus system (3M Unitek, St Paul, MN) superior to Clearafil SE Bond
and Etch and Prime, EP3
Silverstone et al. (1975) and Galil, 1979

 Type 1 etching pattern, prism core material was preferentially removed leaving the prism
peripheres relatively intact.
 Type 2 etching pattern, the reverse pattern was observed. The peripheral regions of
prisms were removed preferentially, leaving prism cores remaining relatively unaffected.
 Type 3 etching pattern, there was a more random pattern, areas of which corresponded
to types 1 and 2 damage together with regions in which the pattern of etching could not
be related to prism morphology. 
 Type 4 no prism removed but only minor roughness superficially
 Type 5 smooth surface
William A. Wiltshire and James NobleSemin Orthod 2010;16:55-65