when the character of John Bull came to personify the national character, to the present the question of a national identity has been a topical issue. John Bull in World War I recruiting poster • Generalizations on the idea of “national character” are relative and they depend to a considerable degree on the position of the observer. Icons English Traits George Orwell • " solid breakfasts and gloomy Sundays, smoky towns and winding roads, green fields and red pillar-boxes" not forgetting "a delicious cup of tea "and the pub, which he described as" one of the basic institutions of English life. " As for the English, Orwell imagined that a foreign visitor would quickly notice his "artistic insensitivity, gentleness, respect for legality, suspicion of foreigners, sentimentality about animals, hypocrisy, exaggerated class distinctions, and obsession with sport." English Traits T. S. Eliot • Derby Day (a horse race), Regatta Henley (traditional rowing competition between Cambridge and Oxford), Cowes (a yacht race), a Football Championship final, Wensleysdale cheese, vinegar beets, 19th century Gothic churches and music by Elgar (composer of a famous unofficial national anthem). John Betjeman • Anglican Church, the Women's Institutes (non-partisan women's clubs devoted to voluntary and teaching activities) the village bed & breakfasts1, the rural train stations and "the sound of the lawnmower on Saturday afternoons". Nikolaus Pevsner • "understatement, aversion to fussiness, distrust of rhetoric [...], personal independence, freedom of speech, wise reconciliations, [...] an eminently civilized faith in honesty and fair play, ability to stand in a line with the greatest patience, and open and convinced conservatism, visible in the use of wigs in courts and gowns in schools and universities "(in the 1950s, secondary school teachers still wore gowns in class). Raymond Williams • considered the list made by T.S. Eliot very narrow because it was limited to "sports, food and little art". He then suggested that other reasons be added for British boasting: "steel production, car travel as leisure, mixed farms (raising livestock and producing wheat), Stock Exchange, coal mining, and London transport." • Most recently, in 2006, the government launched a survey on what it called "icons of England". Among the most popular items chosen by the public, in addition to Big Ben, cricket, Sherlock Holmes, a top hat and, of course, a "good cup of tea," were two significant innovations: Empire Windrush, the first Jamaican immigrants to Britain in 1948, and the Notting Hill Carnival, a tradition these immigrants took from the Caribbean to London. These are small signs that the Caribbeans and their descendants are now considered English, at least by the population. WHO'S THE OTHER? • Defoe, Daniel (1997 [1701]) “The True- Born Englishman”
A true-born Englishman's a contradiction,
In speech an irony, in fact a fiction; A banter made to be a test of fools, Which those that use it justly ridicules; A metaphor invented to express A man akin to all the universe. Just as in the case of so many other nations, the English define their identity - when they care to define it - against the "Other." Traditionally, the "Other" has been France, the main enemy since the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) until the Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815). The Scots, for their part, have long regarded the French as their allies against the English. Germany does not play the same role as "Other" or enemy, despite the two world wars, perhaps because it is more distant from England than France. Even alliances with France in the First and Second World War were not enough to eliminate the traditional suspicion of the rival nation on the other side of the English Channel, a rivalry that was particularly obvious when Margaret Thatcher was prime minister (1979- 1990). • In the first decades of the twenty-first century, breaking the tradition, debates about identity are becoming more intense, and some commentators talk about the identity crisis they reveal. Manifestations of nationalism are made more openly than before with the use, for example, of the white, red and blue national flag known as the Union Jack, because it combines the traditional flags of England, Scotland, and Ireland. One can see it fluttering in front of houses and apartments, reproduced in everyday objects, from umbrellas to blouses, boots and sunglasses, wrapping spectators at football games (or even painted on their faces) and so on. And it is not so unusual to hear people muttering things like "speak English in England" or even "England to the English."