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Contents Unit 2
Common Deformation Modes

Preface viii 3
To the Student (pg. viii)
To the Instructor (pg. viii)
Axial Loading 84
Resources for Instructors (pg. ix) 3.1 Internal Force–Deformation–Displacement (pg. 86)
Resources for Students (pg. ix) 3.2 Varying Internal Force (pg. 92)
Acknowledgments (pg. x) 3.3 Systems of Axially Loaded Members (pg. 100)
About the Author (pg. xi) 3.4 Statically Indeterminate Structures (pg. 108)
3.5 Thermal Effects (pg. 120)
3.6 Wrapped Cables, Rings, and Bands (pg. 128)

1
Introduction 2 4
1.1 Why Study Mechanics of Materials? Torsion 136
(pg. 4)
1.2 How Mechanics of Materials Predicts 4.1 Rotation (pg. 138)
Deformation and Failure (pg. 6) 4.2 Shear Strain in Circular Shafts (pg. 140)
1.3 Review of Statics—Forces, Subsystems, 4.3 Application and Transmission
and Free Body Diagrams (pg. 8) of Torque (pg. 148)
1.4 Review of Statics—Representing Force 4.4 Shear Stress in Circular Shafts (pg. 150)
Interactions Simply (pg. 10) 4.5 Strength and Stiffness (pg. 162)
1.5 Review of Statics—Conditions of Equilibrium 4.6 Dependence of Stiffness and Strength on Shaft
(pg. 12) Properties (pg. 164)
1.6 Road Map of Book (pg. 16) 4.7 General Guidelines for Torsional Stiffness
Apago PDF Enhancer of Non-Circular Cross-Sections (pg. 166)
4.8 Torsion of Shafts with Rectangular Cross-Sections
(pg. 176)

Unit 1 4.9

4.10
Torsion of Shafts with Thin-Walled Cross-Sections
(pg. 178)
Shafts with Non-Uniform Twisting Along Their
Body Composed of Elements Lengths (pg. 186)
4.11 Internal Torque and the Relation to Twist
and Stress (pg. 188)
2 4.12 Relation Between Senses and Signs of Internal
Torque,Twist, and Stress (pg. 190)
4.13 Shafts with Varying Cross-Sections (pg. 192)
Internal Force, Stress, 4.14 Statically Indeterminate Structures Subjected
and Strain 18 4.15
to Torsion (pg. 202)
Power-Torque-Speed Relations for Rotating
Shafts (pg. 210)
2.1 Elements (pg. 20)
2.2 Internal Force (pg. 22)
2.3 Normal Stress (pg. 32)
2.4
2.5
Normal Strain (pg. 40)
Measuring Stress and Strain (pg. 48)
5
2.6 Elastic Behavior of Materials (pg. 50)
2.7 Failure and Allowable Limit on Stress
Bending 218
(pg. 58)
2.8 Variety of Stress–Strain Response (A) Shear Forces and Bending Moments
(pg. 60) 5.1 Deformation in Bending (pg. 220)
2.9 Shear Strain and Shear Stress (pg. 68) 5.2 Beams, Loads, and Supports (pg. 222)
2.10 Shear and Bearing Stress in Pin Joints 5.3 Internal Loads in Beams (pg. 224)
(pg. 70) 5.4 Internal Loads by Isolating Segments (pg. 226)
5.5 Variation of Internal Loads with Applied
Loads (pg. 232)

vi | CONTENTS
 (B) Stresses Due to Bending Moments 7.7 Failure for Stresses in 3-D (pg. 454)
5.6 Strain Distribution in Bending (pg. 250) 7.8 2-D Strain Transformations and Strain
5.7 Stresses in Bending (pg. 252) Rosettes (pg. 460)
5.8 Bending Equations (pg. 262) 7.9 Fatigue (pg. 466)
5.9 Bending of Composite Cross-Sections (pg. 272) 7.10 Stress Concentrations (pg. 468)
5.10 Bending Stresses Under a Non-Uniform Bending
Moment (pg. 280)
5.11

5.12
Dependence of Stiffness and Strength
on Cross-Section (pg. 290)
Bending of a Beam Composed of Multiple
8
Layers (pg. 296) Buckling 480
5.13 Bending of General (Non-Symmetric)
Cross-Sections (pg. 298) 8.1 Buckling of Axially Loaded, Simply Supported
(C) Stresses Due to Shear Forces Members (pg. 482)
5.14 Transverse Shear Stress (pg. 304) 8.2 Buckling of Axially Loaded Members—Alternative
5.15 Shear Flow—Thin-Walled and Built-Up Support Conditions (pg. 484)
Cross-Sections (pg. 310) 8.3 Design Equations for Axial Compression (pg. 486)
(D) Deflections Due to Bending Moments
5.16 Deflections Related to Internal Loads (pg. 318)
5.17 Deflections Using Tabulated Solutions (pg. 328) Appendices 501
5.18 Simple Generalizations of Tabulated
Solutions (pg. 332) A. Focused Applications for Problems (pg. 501)
5.19 Complex Generalizations of Tabulated A-1 Bicycles (pg. 502)
Solutions (pg. 344) A-2 Cable-Stayed Bridges (pg. 504)
5.20 Statically Indeterminate Structures Subjected A-3 Drilling (pg. 506)
to Bending (pg. 354) A-4 Exercise Equipment (pg. 508)
A-5 Fracture Fixation (pg. 510)
A-6 Wind Turbines (pg. 512)

Unit 3 B. Theory of Properties of Areas (pg. 514)

B-1 Centroid and Second Moment of Inertia (pg. 514)
B-2 Products of Inertia and Principal Axes of Inertia
Design Against (pg. 516)
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C. Tabulated Properties of Areas (pg. 522)

6 D.
E.
Material Properties (pg. 525)
Geometric Properties of Structural Shapes (pg. 526)
F. Wood Structural Member Properties (pg. 535)
Combined Loads 364 G. Tabulated Beam Deflections (pg. 536)
G-1 Deflections and Slopes of Cantilever Beams
6.1 Determining Internal Loads (pg. 366) (pg. 536)
6.2 Drawing Stresses on 3-D Elements (pg. 372) G-2 Deflections and Slopes of Simply Supported Beams
6.3 Pressure Vessels (pg. 380) (pg. 538)
6.4 Elastic Stress–Strain Relations (pg. 386) H. Stress Concentration Factors (pg. 540)
6.5 Deflections Under Combined Internal Loads I. Advanced Methods and Derivations (pg. 542)
(pg. 392) I-1 Shear Stress and Twist in Thin-Walled Shaft
6.6 Strain Energy (pg. 398) Subjected to Torsion (pg. 542)
6.7 Solving Problems Using Conservation I-2 Method of Singularity Functions (pg. 544)
of Energy (pg. 400) I-3 Derivation of Stress Transformation Formulas (pg. 548)
I-4 Derivation of Equations for Maximum Normal

7 and Shear Stress (pg. 549)

Stress Transformations Answers to Selected

and Failure 412 Problems 552
7.1 Goal of Chapter, and Strain is in the Eye
of the Beholder (pg. 414)
7.2 Defining Stresses on General Surfaces (pg. 416)
Key Terms 562
7.3 Stress Transformation Formulas (pg. 424)
7.4 Maximum and Minimum Stresses (pg. 432)
7.5 Mohr’s Circle (pg. 440) Index 564
7.6 Failure Criteria (pg. 446)

CONTENTS | vii
 Preface
To the Student
This book introduces you to an exciting subject of immense application: how the forces
acting on a material relate to its deformation and failure. The range of technologies that
rely on insights from Mechanics of Materials is vast. They span applications that have seen
continual innovation and refinement over many years, such as aerospace structures and
propulsion, bridge design, automotive technologies, and prosthetic devices. And, Mechan-
ics of Materials underlies applications that were scarcely imaginable a few years ago:
atomic force microscopes, micro-scale robotics, wireless sensors for structural monitoring,
and engineered biological tissues. Mechanics of Materials can be satisfying in another
more personal way. It helps us make sense of countless interactions that we have with
everyday artifacts: why some are too flimsy, too rigid, or prone to break at certain points.
It is likely you are studying this subject because it is required for your major. But you may
have multiple goals: to pass the course or get a good grade, to be intellectually engaged and
exercise your mind and curiosity, and to learn something that you can use in later courses
or in life outside your courses. Every one of those goals points you in the same direction—
to genuinely learn the subject. That means gaining a physical and intuitive feel for its ideas,
seeing the big picture, and fitting the ideas together. By just thumbing through this book, you
will know it is different from most books you have seen. Let me tell you how the
arrangement of this book might help you learn.
We can only communicate the ideas of Mechanics of Materials with a combination of
words, diagrams, and equations. The equation might be necessary to get a quantitative
answer or to judge a trend; for example, should a part be thicker or thinner, longer or shorter.
But, in real life you are rarely handed the right equations. Someone explains a situation to
you with words and diagrams, and you need to make sense of it. Only after you have thought
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about the words and the diagrams, might you see an equation as useful. For this reason,
I have tried to write a book in which words, diagrams, and equations are in balance. In
addition, I have laid out this book so the words, diagrams, and equations are near each other
on the page to better help you solidify the ideas.
You might also notice a high degree of organization. Each chapter is a series of two-page
spreads or sections, with each section dedicated to developing one idea or concept. Further,
each two-page spread consists of subsections that break the idea into bite-size pieces. Not
only do we break this subject apart for you, we help you put it back together. The Chapter
Opener presents the major ideas of the chapter in diagrams and words. At the end of each
chapter, we summarize its sections, including the major equations, concepts, and key terms.
Finally, Chapters 2 through 8 are grouped into 3 units that capture the overall structure of
the subject.
You might also notice many everyday objects depicted on the pages. Familiar, everyday
objects can often illustrate the ideas of Mechanics of Materials. To genuinely learn this
subject, the ideas must ultimately make sense to you. But you are more likely to make sense
of new ideas if you see them first in a familiar context. This book tries to take situations that
you can already picture, and reframe them in more general, powerful ways. I hope you come
to rely on those general ideas and wield them effectively as you explore new applications
unimagined today.

To the Instructor
I wrote this book because I love to help other people understand mechanics. I have taught
this subject for many years, and I still get excited when I come upon a new way of explain-
ing or illustrating some concept. Often, I bring an object into class—a bungee cord, a pool
noodle, a ruler—and I deform it, sometimes with students’ help. I point to the deformation,
which they can see, and I ask the student helpers what they feel. With this book, I hope to
capture some of that classroom experience.

viii | P R E FAC E
 Let me share some of the pedagogic philosophy that informs this book. I think most
instructors want students:
1. to understand the concepts in some intuitive way;
2. to grasp the big picture, that is, to see the forest as well as the individual trees;
3. to use the subject to solve problems.
First, to an intuitive understanding of concepts, there are few more important goals than
helping students attach physical meaning to the variables and symbols we use, and to their
relations with each other. I rarely start with the general case. Instead, I start with a simple
situation that exemplifies the idea. This helps to anchor the idea in each students’ world.
Then, we build a more general mathematical representation, as we need it. Students can
picture deformation far better than they can picture forces. So, for most topics, we begin
with the deformation, to anchor the topic in reality for the students, and next we deal with
the associated forces.
To help students grasp the subject’s larger, coherent structure, we have identified the core
question that it answers: will a body deform too much or fail (Chapter 1)? And, we have
grouped the remaining chapters into three units that delineate how this question is answered.
First, we choose to view a body that deforms and may fail as composed of many small,
identical pieces or elements (Chapter 2). This step is necessary to address failure, which
usually occurs locally, and to separate out the respective contributions of the body’s shape
and material to the force-deformation relations. Second, we identify three common modes
of deformation: stretching, twisting, and bending, which appear repeatedly in engineering
and nature (Chapters 3–5). Each mode deserves to be studied independently, considering the
deformations and forces overall and within each element. Third, to address deformation and
failure in more general situations, we recognize the presence of these common deformation
modes, and combine their contributions appropriately (Chapters 6–8). To reinforce the big
picture set forth in Chapter 1, the conceptual overview at the start of each chapter features
a map that locates the chapter in the overall structure of the subject.
For good reason, the problems in a textbook are very important to most instructors. This
book contains problems that illustrate ideas, concepts, and procedures, as well as problems
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that demonstrate applications to real situations. Studying Mechanics of Materials can also
offer students a chance to learn about interesting applications. To this end, I have devised a
number of problems that highlight selected focused application areas: bicycles, cable-stayed
bridges, drilling of wells, exercise equipment, bone fracture fixation, and wind turbines.
Focused Application Problems are sprinkled throughout the chapters. The diagram for each
such problem references Appendix A, in which that application is described at greater
length. An interested student can see how the situation depicted in a single problem fits into
the overall application. For different assignments, an instructor can select problems from the
same focused application area or problems from a variety of applications.
I hope this book serves your efforts to motivate and teach your students.

Resources for Instructors

• Instructor’s Solutions Manual. An instructor’s solutions manual was prepared
by the author. The manual was also checked as part of the Accuracy Checking program.
• Presentation Resources. All art from the text is available in PowerPoint slide
and JPEG format. These files are available for download from the Instructor Resource
Center at www.pearsonhighered.com/steif. If you are in need of a login and password for
this site, please contact your local Pearson Prentice Hall representative.

Resources for Students

• MasteringEngineering. Tutorial homework problems emulate the instructor’s
office–hour environment, guiding students through engineering concepts with self-
paced individualized coaching. These in-depth tutorial homework problems are
designed to coach students with feedback specific to their errors and optional hints that
break problems down into simpler steps.

P R E FAC E | ix
 Acknowledgments
Prentice Hall has been a pleasure to work with during the development of this book. I am
fortunate to have had continuing guidance and encouragement from three Acquisitions
Editors: Eric Svendsen, Tacy Quinn, and Norrin Dias, as well as the insight and enthusiasm
throughout from Editorial Director Marcia Horton. This project has benefited greatly from
the attention of Marketing Manager Tim Galligan, who helped to shape my appreciation
for the multiple audiences this book should seek to satisfy. I am grateful to Senior
Managing Editor Scott Disanno, who has both overseen the production of the book and
provided the fresh, clear eye that honed the manuscript at its final stages. Designer Blair
Brown brought a magical touch and excitement to this unusual project, and I am grateful
for his efforts and the fun I had working with him. The expertise of J.C. Morgan and lead
artist Matt Harshbarger at Precision Graphics has contributed significantly to the final
product, and I am grateful for their patience as the book and artwork evolved. The
distinctive integration of text, equations, and artwork in this book could not have been
realized without Anoop Chaturvedi and the composition services of MPS Limited. Other
than perhaps myself, no one spent more time or agonized more in bringing this project to
fruition than Sr. Production Project Manager Clare Romeo. She has been a joy to work
with, and I cannot thank her enough for her knowledge, expertise, attention to detail,
patience, and humor.
Thank you to the reviewers: Paolo Gardoni, Texas A&M University; Joao Antonio,
Colorado State University; Joel J. Schubbe, U.S. Naval Academy; Daniel A. Mendelsohn,
Ohio State University; Laurence J. Jacobs, Georgia Tech; Eduard S. Ventsel, Pennsylvania
State University; Dashin Liu, Michigan State University; Candace S. Sulzbach, Colorado
School of Mines; Amir G. Rezaei, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona;
Marck French, Purdue University; Niki Schulz, Oregon State University; Jim Morgan,
Texas A&M University; Shane Brown, Washington State University; Christine B. Masters,
Pennsylvania State University; Craig Menzemer, University of Akron; Edwin C. Rossow,
Northwestern University; Anna Dollár, Miami University; Mark E. Walter, Ohio State
University; David Baldwin, University of Oklahoma; Kevin Collins, United States Coast
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Guard Academy; He Liu, University of Alaska Anchorage; and Anthony J. Paris,
University of Alaska Anchorage. At several points during its development, extensive and
thoughtful input from the reviewers was critically important in helping the book take
shape. Their time and efforts are greatly appreciated.
I am also grateful to faculty members and students who offered ideas for realistic
applications and problems, including Jim Papadopoulos, Yoed Rabin, Dustyn Roberts, and
Jonathan Wickert. Billy Burkey, Chris D’eramo, Anthony Fazzini, Rob Keelan, Michael
Reindl, David Urban, and Derek Wisnieski provided valuable assistance in dimensions and
images for a number of application problems. Advice on graphics from Erick Johnson
towards the end of project was very helpful. I thank my assistant, Bobbi Kostyak, who
provided help with many details that arose. I have relied often, to my great satisfaction, on
the design and artistic sense of Ariela Steif, for which I am grateful.
This book has benefited from the many years I have fruitfully and joyfully discussed the
learning of mechanics with my long-time friend and collaborator, Anna Dollár. I credit my
friend and collaborator, Marina Pantazidou, for giving a pivotal nudge that convinced me to
write this book, and for supplying ongoing encouragement in education endeavors generally.
I want to thank Robbin Steif for the significant role she played at the start of this project.
My own teachers provided the foundation for my fascination with the subject of
mechanics. I have in turn had the pleasure of getting to know many students over the years
in my classes. They have helped me recognize the challenges in learning mechanics, and the
practical situations in which mechanics comes alive.
During much of the writing of this book, I was fortunate to have the companionship,
warmth, and good wishes of many fellow denizens of the Galleria.
My family life provides the perfect counterpoint to my work, and I thank my loved ones,
Michelle, Ariela, Talia, and Marigny for making that family life such a desirable distraction
to writing this book.
PAUL S. STEIF
Carnegie Mellon University

x | P R E FAC E
About the Author
Professor Paul S. Steif has been a faculty member in the Department of Mechanical
Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University since 1983. He received a Sc.B. degree in
engineering mechanics from Brown University; M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in applied
mechanics from Harvard University; and was National Science Foundation NATO Post-
doctoral fellow at the University of Cambridge. As a faculty member his research has
addressed a variety of problems, including the effects of interfacial properties on fiber-
reinforced composites, bifurcation and instabilities in highly deformed layered materials,
and stress generation and fracture induced by cryopreservation of biological tissues.
Dr. Steif has also contributed to engineering practice through consulting and research on
industrial projects, including elastomeric damping devices, blistering of face seals, and
fatigue of tube fittings.
Since the mid-1990s, Dr. Steif has focused increasingly on engineering education,
performing research on student learning of mechanics concepts, and developing new course
materials and classroom approaches. Drawing upon methods of cognitive and learning
sciences, Dr. Steif has led the development and psychometric validation of the Statics
Concept Inventory—a test of statics conceptual knowledge. He is the co-author of Open
Learning Initiative (OLI) Engineering Statics. Dr. Steif is a Fellow of the American Society
of Mechanical Engineers and recipient of the Archie Higdon Distinguished Educator Award
from the Mechanics Division of the American Society for Engineering Education.

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P R E FAC E | xi
Resources to Accompany Steif, Mechanics of Materials, 1e

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variety of published papers based on NSF-sponsored research and tests illustrate the benefits of
MasteringEngineering. To read these papers, please visit www.masteringengineering.com.

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MasteringEngineering improves understanding. As an Instructor-assigned homework and
tutorial system, MasteringEngineering is designed to provide students with customized coaching
and individualized feedback to help improve problem-solving skills. Students complete
homework efficiently and effectively with tutorials that provide targeted help.

 Immediate and specific feedback shows students their mistakes while they are working on the
problem. This allows them to see the explanation behind their misconceptions.

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Hints provide individualized

coaching and specific feedback
on common errors. This helps
explain why a particular
concept is not correct.
MasteringEngineering for Instructors
Incorporate dynamic homework into your course with automatic grading and adaptive
tutoring. Choose from a wide variety of stimulating problems, including Mohr’s Circle,
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 This page intentionally left blank

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Mechanics
of
Materials
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 Introduction to
Mechanics of
Materials Excessive deformation . . .
Mechanics of Materials
can help with that . . .

If I knew the factors that

affect the sagging, I could
I need to do something redesign the shelf so it
about that sagging shelf . . . sags less . . .

How do I model this shelf?

The shelf is bending under the weight of those books, and it’s resting q
on the brackets at the ends. In Mechanics of Materials I can represent
this shelf approximately as a beam with simple supports. I can
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approximate the books as applying a uniformly distributed force
on the beam. L

What key result do I need

from analyzing the model?

The maximum deflection v at the center

of the shelf is given by this equation: q: the force per length
applied by the books
L: the length of the shelf
between the brackets

5qL4
v =
384EI
I: the second moment of inertia —
it tells me how the width and
the thickness affect the bending

Thickness
E: the elastic modulus of the shelf —
it tells me how the stiffness of the material
itself, the wood, affects the bending Width
 Chapter
From what I just learned, how
could I redesign the shelf?

I could make the shelf shorter, or maybe install

CONTENTS
1
another bracket under the center — might need
1.1 Why Study Mechanics of Materials?
some more analysis to see how much that helps . . .
(pg. 4)
1.2 How Mechanics of Materials Predicts
Deformation and Failure (pg. 6)
1.3 Review of Statics—Forces, Subsystems,
and Free Body Diagrams (pg. 8)
1.4 Review of Statics—Representing Force
Interactions Simply (pg. 10)
1.5 Review of Statics—Conditions
of Equilibrium (pg. 12)
1.6 Road Map of Book (pg. 16)

I could use a stiffer material — steel or aluminum, or a carbon-

reinforced composite — might be a little overkill for a bookshelf in
my apartment . . . The thickness of the shelf has much more effect
on the resistance to bending than does its width . . . So it could help
a lot to use a thicker board

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Or I could put a much thicker reinforcing strip on the front . . . That

should help . . . I wonder by how much . . .

. . . Welcome to Mechanics of Materials

3
1.1 Why Study Mechanics of Materials?
The design of products, systems, and structures demands
the engineer to consider a broad range of issues. Here we identify
the issues addressed by Mechanics of Materials.

1. Account for deformation
and the potential for failure
when designing systems
subjected to forces.
Forces acting on designed artifacts can be significant. All bodies deform under applied forces,
and they can fail if the forces are sufficiently large.
Mechanics of Materials addresses two prime questions:
●
How much does a body deform when subjected to forces?
●
When will forces applied to a body be large enough to cause the body to fail?
Deformation and failure depend on the forces and on the body’s material, size, and shape.

2. In most situations, try Usually, the structure or system must remain intact even when subjected to forces. If we know
to avoid failure and keep the forces under which failure would occur, we can design to avoid failure. Further, a system often
deformations within needs to remain close to its original shape to function properly. If we can quantify deformations,
acceptable limits. we can design the system to avoid undesirably large deformations.

This computerized welding system functions

properly only if the deflections of its track are
very small.

While a structure may still be intact, it could

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be viewed as having failed if there is a
permanent deformation. A bicycle that has
deformed this much is unlikely to be useful.

A crack in a structure, such as this

support column, is a type of failure.
This crack may be repairable. A
structure that fractures completely
into two parts would clearly be
unacceptable.

4 CHAPTER 1 | Introduction to Mechanics of Materials

3. Deformation is desirable
in some situations where
it depends predictably
on the forces.
4. Occasionally, failure is
desirable, if it occurs at a
reproducible level of load.
Some products must deform to carry
out their function. They are designed
to have a desired relation between
the deformation and the acting forces.
For example, such products include
pole vaults that flex to temporarily store
energy that later propels the vaulter,
mountings that accommodate motions
of helicopter blades, and support
springs that allow for deflection of
structural members.
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Although such circumstances are rare, we sometimes deliberately want failure to occur when loads
reach a predetermined level. In expensive equipment, failure can be disastrous. So, engineers design
into the equipment an inexpensive extra part, which fails at a consistent force that is safely less than
the main components can tolerate. For the transmission shaft in a drive train, such a system that
protects the shaft is called a torque fuse. Just as an old fashioned electric fuse breaks when the current
is too high, the pins in the torque fuse break when the torque is too high.
>>End 1.1
1.1 | Why Study Mechanics of Materials? 5
1.2 How Mechanics of Materials Predicts
Deformation and Failure
A few very general scientific principles are needed to predict
deformation and failure. With very general principles, we can consider
bodies with a wide range of geometries and materials, which are
subjected to many types of loads. Mechanics of Materials introduces
these principles and applies them to bodies and loadings that can be
analyzed with relatively simple mathematics.

1. Separate out the effects
of material and geometry by
viewing a body as composed
of many tiny elements.
To predict deformation and failure, mechanics of materials relies on a critical insight: any body can
be viewed as an assemblage of tiny, in fact infinitesimal, cubic elements. This insight allows us
to separate out the effect of the body’s material from its shape. Since a tiny cube is a standard shape,
the relations between the cube’s deformation and the forces on it depend only on the material, for
example, the particular type of ceramic, metal, plastic, or wood. These relations can be measured
and described for a given material, and they are relevant to a body of any shape and size composed
of that material.

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6 CHAPTER 1 | Introduction to Mechanics of Materials

2. Relate forces and
deformations at the element
level with those at the level
of the overall structure.
3. Recognize that loaded
bodies often deform in simple
patterns, namely, stretching,
twisting, or bending.
4. Study deflection and failure
for each pattern individually,
and then how they combine.
Mechanics of materials defines stress and strain to describe force and deformation at the level
of an elemental cube. To determine a body’s overall deformation and potential for failure, we
combine (1) the material-specific stress–strain relations for a cubic element, (2) equilibrium
relations between forces on the body as a whole and the forces on its elements, and (3) geometric
relations between deformations of the whole body and of its elements.
Equilibr
Stress ium
Force
Material
Deflection
tr y
Strain Geome
Engineers deal with deformation and failure in structures having a wide variety of shapes,
materials, and loadings. However, in mechanics of materials, we study deformation and failure
primarily for simple patterns of deformation: stretching, twisting, or bending.
Stretching Twisting Bending
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For each pattern, the overall loading is described by equal and opposite forces or moments at
the two ends. The overall deformation is described by a single parameter: how much the body
stretches, twists, or bends.
In mechanics of materials, we learn how the forces and deformations vary from one cubic element
to another for each deformation pattern. With that information, we interrelate the overall load and
deformation for that pattern, and we find the load at which failure will occur. As a by-product,
we gain insight into how the body’s geometry (length and cross-section) and the body’s material
independently affect the overall deformation and failure.
Faced with applications that appear complex, we must also learn to detect the presence of these
simple deformation patterns, alone or, often, in combination. We typically analyze the deformations
and stresses in each pattern and then combine them appropriately to find the total deformation and
to determine if failure will occur.
>>End 1.2
1.2 | How Mechanics of Materials Predicts Deformation and Failure 7
1.3 Review of Statics—Forces, Subsystems,
and Free Body Diagrams
The forces that we study in Mechanics of Materials generally keep
the body in equilibrium, even if they also cause the body to deform.
For this reason, Statics, which addresses the forces on bodies
in equilibrium, is a critical prerequisite to Mechanics of Materials.
The central ideas of Statics are reviewed here.

1. A force represents A force describes the equal and opposite

a mechanical interaction
between two bodies, which
often are in contact.
mechanical interaction between two bodies, B
one upon the other. Since a force has a B
magnitude, direction, and sense, we represent it
mathematically by a vector. Two forces applied Force of
to a body at the same point have the same effect A on B
A Force of
as their vector sum. B on A

Whenever a force is drawn, it should be clear which body exerts the force on which body.
For example, in this vise-grip forces are exerted between the palm and the upper handle and between
the fingers and the lower handle. There are many other forces that one could consider in this
example.

Apago PDF Enhancer

Upper
handle

Lower
handle

2. Engineering systems
of interest may consist
of multiple, interconnected
parts, which exert forces
on each other.
In general, systems studied in engineering are composed of multiple parts. Any pair of contacting
parts can exert forces on each other. We must be prepared to consider all such forces and to
quantify those deemed necessary.
This vise-grip consists of several connected parts. The clamped object and the lower jaw exert
forces on each other. The lower jaw and the lower handle exert forces on each other through
the indicated pin.

Upper
handle

Clamped
object

Lower Lower
jaw Pin handle

8 CHAPTER 1 | Introduction to Mechanics of Materials

3. All subsystems of a system
in equilibrium are also in
equilibrium.
4. A free body diagram
displays all forces that
affect the equilibrium
of a subsystem.
5. Select subsystems
strategically to find forces
of interest.
A system that is at rest (or at least not accelerating) is in equilibrium. This vise-grip, which
is squeezed by the hand and clamps an object, is in equilibrium.
Any part or “subsystem” of a system in equilibrium is also in equilibrium. The lower jaw of the
vise-grip, which is highlighted in the figure, must also be in equilibrium.
Because it contacts other parts, each subsystem will typically have multiple forces acting on it.
The forces on the subsystem, acting in combination, keep the subsystem in equilibrium. The
mathematical conditions for equilibrium are presented later.
In a free body diagram (FBD), we draw a subsystem and all the forces directly exerted on it by
bodies external to the subsystem. The FBD is helpful because equilibrium of the subsystem is fully
determined by the forces drawn in the diagram.
Draw forces due to
Draw forces due to pin connected to
clamped object here upper handle here
Here is the lower jaw of the vise-grip. In
an FBD of the lower jaw, we would draw
forces in the three regions where other
Apago PDF Enhancer
bodies touch the lower jaw. Draw forces due to
pin connected to
lower handle here
We can choose to focus on any subsystem. We choose particular subsystems because their FBDs
contain forces of interest that we wish to determine.
Sometimes, we even consider a portion of a single part as a subsystem. This is important in
mechanics of materials, because we often need to find the internal force that acts within a part,
between one portion and another.
Draw “internal forces”
due to right portion
Left Right
portion portion
Draw “internal forces”
due to left portion
>>End 1.3
1.3 | Review of Statics—Forces, Subsystems, and Free Body Diagrams 9
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 Dat sensus, auget vires, tollitque timorem338
Mortis, et ad martem corda parata facit.
In cruce libertas redit, et perit illa potestas,
Hoste triumphato, que dedit ante mori:
In cruce religio, ritus cultusque venuste
Gentis concludunt omnia sacra simul:
In cruce porta patet paradisi, flammeus ensis
Custos secreti desiit esse loci:
Ecce vides quantis prefulgeat illa figuris,
570 Pagina quam pulcre predicet omnis eam.
Mira quidem crucis est virtus, qua tractus ab alto
Vnicus est patris, vt pateretur homo.
Vi crucis infernum Cristus spoliauit, et illam,
Perdita que fuerat, inde reuexit ouem:
Vi crucis in celum conscendit, et astra paterni
Luminis ingrediens ad sua regna redit:
Glorificata caro, que sustulit in cruce penas,
Presidet in celo sede locata dei.
Sic virtute pie crucis et celestis amoris
580 Surgit in ecclesia gracia lege noua.

Hic dicit quod, exquo solus deus omnia

creauit, solus est a creaturis adorandus, et est
eciam magne racionis vt ipse omnia gubernet et
secundum merita et demerita hominum in sua
voluntate solus iudicet.

Capm. xi. Semper id est quod erat et erit, trinus deus

vnus;
Nec sibi principium, nec sibi finis adest:
Principium tamen et finem dedit omnibus esse,
Omnia per quem sunt, et sine quo nichil est.
Que vult illa potest vt sufficiens in idipsum;
Iussit, et illico sunt que iubet ipse fore:
Cuius ad imperium famulantur cuncta creata,
Hunc volo, credo meum celitus esse deum.
 Dum sit aperta dei manus omnia replet habunde,
590 Auertenteque se, vertitur omne retro.
Singula iudicio sapiens sic diuidit equo,
Fallere seu falli quod nequit ipse deus.
Res est equa nimis, deus exquo cuncta creauit,
Sint vt in arbitrio subdita cuncta suo.
Cum solo causante deo sint cuncta creata,
Num fortuna dei soluere possit opus?
Que nil principiis valuit, nec fine valebit,
Estimo quod mediis nil valet ipsa suis.
Quis terre molem celique volubile culmen,
600 Quis ve mouere dedit sidera? Nonne deus?
Quis ve saporauit in dulcia flumina fontes,
Vel quis amara dedit equora? Nonne deus?
Conditor orbis ad hoc quod condidit esse volebat,
Vt deseruiret fabrica tota deo.
Terram vestiuit herbis et floribus herbas,
Flores in fructus multiplicare dedit:
Invigilat summo studio ditescere terram,
Et fecundare fertilitate sua:
Nec satis est mundus quod flumine, fontibus, ortis,
610 Floribus et tanto germine diues erat;
Res animare nouas, varias formare figuras,
Et speciebus eas diuaricare parat.
Diuersi generis animancia terra recepit,
Ingemuitque nouo pondere pressa suo;339
Distribuitque locos ad eorum proprietates,
Iuxta quod proprium cuilibet esse dedit,
Montibus hiis, illis convallibus, hiis nemorosis,
Pluribus in planis dans habitare locis:
Aera sumpsit auis, piscis sibi vendicat vndas,
620 Planiciem pecudes, deuia queque fere.
Ars operi dictat formas, opifexque figurat,
Artificis sequitur fabrica tota manum.
Fortune nichil attribuit, set solus vt ipse
Cuncta creat, solus cuncta creata regit:
Est nichil infelix, nichil aut de sorte beatum,
 Immo viri meritis dat sua dona deus.
Quicquid adest igitur, sapiens qui scripta reuoluit
Dicet fortunam non habuisse ream:
Hoc fateor vere, quicquid contingit in orbe,
630 Nos sumus in causa, sint bona siue mala.

FOOTNOTES:
308 Heading L resumes here
309 1 vocem] visionem DH₂
310 2 acceperat et ex plebis voce communi concepit L
311 Incipit prologus &c. om. L
312 20 Sic EDL Set T
313 29 Sunt C
314 51 Symon excetraque L si non excecraque D
315 Cap. i. 8 pugna CEDL pungna S pungna H
316 9 obstat ED
317 56 spargis CED
318 65 Desuper EDLT
319 152 Crescit decrescit/crescit D
320 153 Crescit, decrescit] Decrescit subito D
321 168 cunta C
322 174 tegit CE
323 239 No paragr. here CE
324 266 dracho C
325 279 Attamen econtra si iustus D
326 294 obstat CGDL
327 300 anime CEHGDL animi S
328 303 Paragraph here HDL
329 311 illis CE
330 377 Hic SCEHG Hec DLH₂
331 408 resurexit SHT resurrexit CEDL
332 451 f. nosce CE
333 461 nosce CE
334 500, 501 Lingua H
335 536 muniendo (?) C
336 557 signum D
337 559 mentesque CEH
338 561 f. two lines om. T
339 614 Ingenuitque DL
 Hic dicit quod, exquo340 non a fortuna, set
meritis et demeritis, ea que nos in mundo
prospera et aduersa vocamus digno dei iudicio
hominibus contingunt, intendit consequenter
scribere de statu hominum, qualiter se ad
presens habent, secundum hoc quod per
sompnium superius dictum vidit et audiuit.

Incipit prologus libri tercii.

Cum bona siue mala sit nobis sors tribuenda

Ex propriis meritis, hiis magis hiisque minus,
Fit mundique status in tres diuisio partes,
Omnibus vnde viris stat quasi sortis opus,
Et modo per vicia quia sors magis astat iniqua,
Ponderet in causis quilibet acta suis:
In quocumque gradu sit homo, videatur in orbe
Que sibi sunt facta, sors cadit vnde rea.
Non ego personas culpabo, set increpo culpas,341
10 Quas in personis cernimus esse reas.
A me non ipso loquor hec, set que michi plebis
Vox dedit, et sortem plangit vbique malam:
Vt loquitur vulgus loquor, et scribendo loquelam342
Plango, quod est sanctus nullus vt ante status.
Quisque suum tangat pectus videatque sequenter
Si sit in hoc talis vnde quietus erit.343
Nescio quis purum se dicet, plebs quia tota
Clamat iam lesum quemlibet esse statum.
Culpa quidem lata, non culpa leuis, maculauit
20 Tempora cum causis, nos quoque nostra loca:
Nil generale tamen concludam sub speciali,
Nec gero propositum ledere quemque statum.
Nouimus esse status tres, sub quibus omnis in
orbe
 More suo viuit atque ministrat eis.
Non status in culpa reus est, set transgredientes
A virtute status, culpa repugnat eis.
Quod dicunt alii scribam, quia nolo quod vlli
Sumant istud opus de nouitate mea.
Qui culpat vicia virtutes laudat, vt inde
30 Stet magis ipse bonus in bonitate sua:
Vt patet oppositum nigris manifestius album,
Sic bona cum viciis sunt patefacta magis:
Ne grauet ergo bonos, tangat si scriptor iniquos,
Ponderet hoc cordis lanx pacientis onus:
Vera negant pingi, quia vera relacio scribi
Debet, non blandi falsa loquela doli.
Si qua michi sintilla foret sensus, precor illam
Ad cumulum fructus augeat ille deus:
Si qua boni scriptura tenet, hoc fons bonitatis
40 Stillet detque deus que bona scribat homo:
Fructificet deus in famulo que scripta iuuabunt,
Digna ministret homo semina, grana deus.
Mole rei victus fateor succumbo, set ipsam
Spes michi promittit claudere fine bono:
Quod spes promittit, amor amplexatur, vtrique
Auxiliumque fides consiliumque facit;344
Suggerit, instigat, suadet, fructumque laboris
Spondet, et exclamat, ‘Incipe, fiet opus.’
Quo minor est sensus meus, adde tuum, deus,
et da,
50 Oro, pios vultus ad mea vota tuos:
Vt nichil abrupte s i b i p r esumat stilus iste,
Da veniam cepto, te, deus, oro, meo.
Non ego sidereas affecto tangere sedes,
Scribere nec summi mistica quero poli;
Set magis, humana que vox communis ad extra
Plangit in hac terra, scribo moderna mala:
Vtilis aduerso quia confert tempore sermo,
Promere tendo mala iam bona verba die.345
Nulla Susurro queat imponere scandala, per que
60 Auris in auditu negligat ora libri:
Non malus interpres aliquam michi concitet iram,
Quid nisi transgressis dum loquar ipse reis.
Erigat, oro, pia tenuem manus ergo carectam,
Vt mea sincero currat in axe rota:
Scribentem iuuet ipse fauor minuatque laborem,
Cum magis in pauido pectore p e rstat opus:
Omnia peruersas poterunt corrumpere mentes,
Stant tamen illa suis singula tuta locis:
Vt magis ipse queam, reliqui poterintque valere,346
70 Scit deus, ista mei vota laboris erunt.
Aspice, quique leges ex ipsis concipe verbis,
Hoc michi non odium scribere suadet opus.
Si liber iste suis mordebitur ex inimicis,
Hoc peto ne possint hunc lacerare tamen:
Vade, liber, seruos sub eo qui liberat omnes,
Nec mala possit iter rumpere lingua tuum;
Si, liber, ora queas transire per inuida liber,
Imponent alii scandala nulla tibi.
Non erit in dubio m e a v o x clamans, erit omnis
80 Namque fides huius maxima vocis homo.
Si michi tam sepe liquet excusacio facta,
Ignoscas, timeo naufragus omne fretum.
O sapiens, sine quo nichil est sapiencia mundi,
Cuius in obsequium me mea vota ferunt,
Te precor instanti da tempore, Criste, misertus,
Vt metra que pecii prompta parare queam;
Turgida deuitet, falsum mea penna recuset
Scribere, set scribat que modo vera videt.
In primis caueat ne fluctuet, immo decenter
90 Quod primo pon i t carmine seruet opus:347
Hic nichil offendat lectorem, sit nisi verum
Aut veri simile, quod mea scripta dabunt.
In te qui es verus mea sit sentencia vera,
Non ibi figmentum cernere possit homo:
Conueniatque rei verbum sensumque ministret,
Dulce sit et quicquam commoditatis habens:
 Absit adulari, nec sit michi fabula blesa,
Nec michi laus meriti sit sine laude tua.
Da loquar vt vicium minuatur et ammodo virtus
100 Crescat, vt in mundo mundior extet homo:
Tu gressus dispone meos, tu pectus adauge,
Tu sensus aperi, tu plue verba michi;
Et quia sub trino mundi status ordine fertur,
Sub trina serie tu mea scripta foue.
Hiis tibi libatis nouus intro nauta profundum,
Sacrum pneuma rogans vt mea vela regas.

Hic tractat qualiter status et ordo mundi in

tribus consistit gradibus, sunt enim, vt dicit,
Clerus, Milicies, et Agricultores, de quorum
errore mundi infortunia nobis contingunt. Vnde
primo videndum est de errore cleri precipue in
ordine prelatorum, qui potenciores aliis
existunt; et primo dicet de prelatis illis qui Cristi
scolam dogmatizant et eius contrarium
operantur.
Incipit liber tercius.348

Capm. i.Sunt
Clerus, Miles, Cultor, tres trina gerentes,
Set de prelatis scribere tendo
prius.
Scisma patens hodie monstrat
quod sunt duo pape,
Vnus scismaticus, alter et ille
bonus:
Francia scismaticum colit et statuit
venerandum,
Anglia set rectam seruat vbique
fidem.
Ergo meis scriptis super hoc
vbicumque legendis
 Sint bona dicta bonis, et mala
linquo malis.
Inter prelatos dum Cristi quero
sequaces,
Regula nulla manet, que prius esse
10 solet.
C r i s t u s e r a t pauper, i l l i cumulantur in auro;
Hic pacem dederat, hii m o d o bella m o u e n t:
C r i s t u s e r a t largus, hii sunt velut archa
tenaces;
Hunc labor inuasit, hos fouet aucta quies:
C r i s t u s e r a t mitis, hii sunt t a m e n
i m p e t u o s i;
Hic humilis subiit, hii superesse volunt:
C r i s t u s e r a t m i s e r a n s, hii vindictamque
sequntur;
Sustulit hic penas, hos timor inde fugat:
C r i s t u s e r a t virgo, s u n t i l l i r a r o
p u d i c i;
20 Hic bonus est pastor, hii set ouile vorant:
C r i s t u s e r a t verax, hii blandaque verba
requirunt;
C r i s t u s e r a t iustus, hii nisi velle vident:
C r i s t u s e r a t constans, hii vento mobiliores;
Obstitit ipse malis, hii magis i l l a sinunt:
Hii pleno stomacho laudant ieiunia Cristi;
C r i s t u s a q u a m peciit, hii bona vina bibunt:

As follows in CHGEDL,

*Capm. i. Sunt Clerus, Miles, Cultor, tres trina gerentes;

Hic docet, hic pugnat, alter et arua colit.
Quid sibi sit Clerus primo videamus, et ecce
Eius in exemplis iam stupet omnis humus.349
 Scisma patens hodie monstrat quod sunt duo
pape,
Vnus scismaticus, alter et ille bonus:
Francia scismaticum colit et statuit venerandum,
Anglia sed rectam seruat vbique fidem.
Ergo meis scriptis super hoc vbicumque legendis
10* Sint bona dicta bonis, et mala linquo malis.
Delicias mundi negat omnis regula Cristi,
Sed modo prelati preuaricantur ibi.
Cristus erat pauper, illi cumulantur in auro;
Hic humilis subiit, hii superesse volunt:
Cristus erat mitis, hos pompa superbit inanis;
Hic pacem dederat, hii modo bella ferunt:
Cristus erat miserans, hii vindictamque sequntur;
Mulcet eum pietas, hos mouet ira frequens:350
Cristus erat verax, hii blandaque verba requirunt;
20* Cristus erat iustus, hii nisi velle vident:
Cristus erat constans, hii vento mobiliores;
Obstitit ille malis, hii mala stare sinunt:351
Cristus erat virgo, sunt illi raro pudici;
Hic bonus est pastor, hii sed ouile vorant:
Hii pleno stomacho laudant ieiunia Cristi;
Mollibus induti, nudus et ipse pedes:
Et que plus poterunt sibi fercula lauta parari,352
28* Ad festum Bachi dant holocausta quasi.
Esca placens ventri, &c. as 29 ff.

As follows in TH₂,

**Capm. i. Sunt clerus, miles, cultor, tres trina gerentes;353

Hic docet, hic pugnat, alter et arua colit.
Quid sibi sit clerus primo videamus, et ecce
De reliquis fugiens mundus adheret eis.354
 Primo prelatos constat preferre sequendos,
Nam via doctorum tucior illa foret.
Morigeris verbis modo sunt quam plura docentes,
Facta tamen dictis dissona cerno suis.
Ipse Ihesus facere bene cepit, postque docere,
10** Set modo prelatis non manet ille modus.
Ille fuit pauper, isti cumulantur in auro;
Hic pacem dederat, hii quoque bella ferunt:
Ille fuit largus, hii sunt velut archa tenaces;
Hunc labor inuasit, hos fouet aucta quies:
Ille fuit mitis, hii sunt magis igne furentes;
Hic humilis subiit, hii superesse volunt:
Ille misertus erat, hii vindictamque sequntur;
Sustulit hic penas, hos timor inde fugat:
Ille fuit virgo, vix vnus castus eorum;
20** Hic bonus est pastor, hii set ouile vorant:
Ille fuit verax, hii blandaque verba requirunt;
Ille fuit iustus, hii nisi velle vident:
Ille fuit constans, hii vento mobiliores;
Obstitit ipse malis, hii magis ipsa sinunt:355
Hii pleno stomacho laudant ieiunia Cristi;
26** Hic limpham peciit, hii bona vina bibunt:
Et quotquot poterit &c., as 27 ff.

Et quotquot poterit mens escas premeditari

Lautas, pro stomacho dant renouare suo.
Esca placens ventri, sic est et venter ad escas,
30 Vt Venus a latere stet bene pasta gule.
Respuit in monte sibi Cristus singula regna,
Hiis nisi mundana gloria sola placet.
Moribus assuetus olim simplex fuit, et nunc
Presul opes mores deputat esse suos.
Creuerunt set opes et opum furiosa cupido,
Et cum possideant plurima, plura petunt.
 Sunt in lege dei nuper magis hii meditati,
Numen eis vultum prestitit vnde suum:
Nunc magis intrauit animos suspectus honorum,
40 Fit precium dignis, sunt neque cuncta satis.
In precio precium nunc est, dat census honores,
Omneque pauperies subdita crimen habet.
Cum loquitur diues, omnis tunc audiet auris,
Pauperis ore tamen nulla loquela valet:
Si careat censu, sensus nichil est sapienti,
Census in orbe modo sensibus ora premit.
Pauper erit stultus, loquitur licet ore Catonis;
Diues erit sapiens, nil licet ipse sciat:
Est in conspectu paupertas vilis eorum
50 Cuiuscumque viri, sit licet ipse bonus;
Sit licet et diues peruerse condicionis,
Horum iudiciis non erit ipse malus.
Nil artes, nil pacta fides, nil gracia lingue,
Nil fons ingenii, nil probitas, sine re:
Nullus inops sapiens; vbi res, ibi copia sensus;
Si sapiat pauper, nil nisi pauper erit.
Quem mundus reprobat, en nos reprobamus
eundem,
Vtque perit pereat perdicionis opus;356
Nos set eum laude nostra dignum reputamus,
60 Copia quem mundi duxit ad orbis opes:
Et sic prelatis mundus prefertur ab intus,
Hiis tamen exterius fingitur ipse deus.
Laudamus veteres, nostris tamen vtimur annis,
Nec vetus in nobis regula seruat iter:
Non tunc iusticiam facinus mortale fugarat,
Que nunc ad superos rapta reliquit humum.
Felices anime mundum renuere, set intus
Cura domos superas scandere tota fuit;
Non venus aut vinum sublimia pectora fregit,
70 Que magis interius concupiere deum.
Plura videre potes modo set nouitatis ad instans,
Que procul a Cristi laude superba gerunt:
 Nunc magis illesa seruant sua corpora leta,
Set non sunt ista gaudia nata fide:
Sufficit hiis sola ficte pietatis in vmbra,
Dicant pomposi, quam pius ordo dei.
Pro fidei meritis prelati tot paciuntur,
Vnde viros sanctos nos reputamus eos.

Hic loquitur de prelatis illis qui carnalia

appetentes vltra modum delicate viuunt.

Capm. ii. Permanet ecce status Thome, cessit tamen

actus,
80 Normaque Martini deperit alma quasi;
Sic qui pastor erat, nunc Mercenarius extat,357
Quo fugiente lupus spergit vbique gregem.
Non caput in gladio iam vincit, nec valet arto
Vincere cilicio deliciosa caro:
Ollarum carnes preponit fercula, porros,
Gebas pro manna presul habere petit.358
Prodolor! en tales sinus ecclesie modo nutrit,
Qui pro diuinis terrea vana petunt.
Ollarum carnes carnalia facta figurant,
90 Que velut in cleri carne libido coquit.
Est carni cognata venus, iactancia, fastus,
Ambicio, liuor, crapula, rixa, dolus.
Ventre saginato veneris suspirat ad vsum
Carnis amica caro, carnea membra petens:
Et sic non poterunt virtutum tangere culmen,
Dum dominatur eis ventris iniqus amor.
Subuertunt Sodomam tumor, ocia, copia panis,
Impietasque tenax: presul, ad ista caue.
Set modo prelati dicant michi quicquid ad aures,
100 Lex tamen ex proprio velle gubernat eos:
Si mundo placeant carnique placencia reddant,
Ex anima virtus raro placebit eis.
Bachus adest festo patulo diffusus in auro,
 Precellit calices maior honore ciphus;
Glorificans mensam non aurea vasa recondit,
Quo poterit vano vanus honore frui.
Aula patet cunctis oneratque cibaria mensas,
Indulgetque nimis potibus atque cibis:
Vestibus et facie longus nitet ordo clientum,
110 Ad domini nutus turba parata leues:
Sic modico ventri vastus vix sufficit orbis,
Atque ministrorum vocibus aula fremit.
Tantum diuitibus, aliis non festa parantur,
Nec valet in festo pauper habere locum;
Vanaque sic pietas stat victa cupidine ventris;
Dum sit honor nobis, nil reputatur onus.
Sicque famem Cristi presul laudare gulosus
Presumit, simile nec sibi quicquid agit;
Quicquid et ad vicium mare nutrit, terra vel aer,
120 Querit habetque sibi luxuriosa fames:
Esuriens anima maceratur, et ipsa voluptas
Carnis ad excessum crassat in ore gulam.
Sic epulis largis est pleno ventre beatus
Luce, set in scortis gaudia noctis habet;
Cumque genas bibulas Bachus rubefecerit ambas,
Erigit ex stimulis cornua ceca Venus:
Sic preclara viri virtus, sic vita beata
Deliciis pastus cum meretrice cubat.
Frigida nulla timet Acherontis, quem calefactum
130 Confouet incesti lectus amore sui;
Sicque voluptatum varia dulcedine gaudet,
Et desideriis seruit vbique suis;
Sicque ioco, venere, vino sompnoque beatus,
Expendit vite tempora vana sue.
Nescit perpetuo quod torrem nutriat igni
Corpus, quod tantis nutrit alitque modis.

Hic loquitur de prelatis illis qui lucris

terrenis inhiant, honore prelacie gaudent, et
 non vt prosint set vt presint, episcopatum
desiderant.

Capm. iii. Nemo potest verus dominis seruire duobus,

Presul in officio fert tamen illa duo:
Eterni regis seruum se dicit, et ipse
140 Terreno regi seruit et astat ei:
Clauiger ethereus Petrus extitit, isteque poscit359
Claues thesauri regis habere sibi.
Sic est deuotus cupidus, mitisque superbus,
Celicus et qui plus sollicitatur humo:
Sic mundum sic et Cristum retinebit vtrumque,
Mundus amicicior, Cristus amicus, erit.
Inter eos, maior quis sit, lis sepe mouetur,
Set quis erit melior, questio nulla sonat:
Si tamen ad mundi visum facies bonitatis
150 Eminet, hoc raro viscera cordis habent.
Hoc deus esse pium statuit quodcunque iuuaret,
Nos tamen ad nocuas prouocat ira manus:
Vti iusticia volo, set conuertor in iram,
Principiumque bonum destruit ira sequens:
Carnem castigo, miseros sustento, set inde
Nascens furatur gloria vana bonum.
Istud fermentum mundane laudis et ire
Absque lucro meriti respuit ira dei:
In vicium virtus sic vertitur, vt sibi mundus
160 Gaudeat et Cristus transeat absque lucris.
Vt presul prosit dudum sic ordo petebat,
Set modo que presit mitra colenda placet.
Presulis ex precibus populo peccante solebat
Ira dei minui nec meminisse mali;
Nuncque manus Moyses non erigit in prece noster,
Nos Amalech ideo vexat in ense suo.
Moyse leuante manus Iosue victoria cedit,
Dumque remittit eas, victus ab hoste redit:
Sic pro plebe manu, lacrimis, prece, sidera
pulsans
170 Presul ab instanti munit ab hoste suos;
Ac, si dormitet victus torpore sacerdos,
Subdita plebs viciis de leuitate cadit.
Quos habeat fructus suplex deuocio iusti,
In precibus Moysi quisque notare potest.
Qui bonus est pastor gregis ex pietate mouetur,
Et propriis humeris fert sibi pondus ouis;360
Qui licet inmunis sit ab omni labe, suorum
Membrorum culpas imputat ipse sibi.
Non in se Cristus crimen transisse fatetur,
180 Set reus in membris dicitur esse suis:
Non facit hic populum delinquere, set tamen eius
Suscepit culpas vt remoueret eas.
Nunc tamen, vt d i c u n t , e s t p r e s u l t a l i s in
orbe,
Qui docet hoc factum, nec tamen illud agit:
Nam qui de proprio se ledit crimine, raro
Efficitur curis hic aliena salus:
Non valet ille deo conferre salubria voto,
Ad mundi cultum qui dedit omne suum.
Presul in orbe gregem curare tenetur egentem,
190 Ipse videns maculas vngere debet eas:
Set si magnatos presul noscat maculatos,
Illos non audet vngere, namque timet.
Si reliqui peccent, quid ob hoc dum soluere
possunt?361
Torquentur bursa sic reus atque rea:
Ipse gregis loculos mulget, trahit in tribulosque
Cause quo lana vulsa manebit ei.
Quod corpus peccat peccantis bursa relaxat:
Hec statuunt iura presulis ecce noua.
Sic iteranda modo venus affert lucra registro;
200 Dum patitur bursa, sunt residiua mala:
Dum loculus pregnat satis, impregnare licebit;
Dat partus loculi iura subacta tibi.
Sic timor et lucrum sunt qui peccata relaxant,
Sub quorum manibus omne recumbit opus:
 Sic lucri causa presul mulcet sua iura,
Annuit et nostris fas adhibere malis:
Mammona sic nummi nobis dispensat iniqui,
Non tamen eternas prestat habere domos.
Nunc furit en Iudex, si luxuracio simplex
210 Fiat, et incestum nescit habere reum:
Si coheat laicus resolutus cum resoluta,
Clamat in ecclesia clerus et horret ea;
Clerus et in cohitu si peccet, nil reputatur,
Dum Iudex cause parsque sit ipse sue.
Sic modo dii gentis subuertunt cunctipotentis
Iura, que dant michi ius, sum magis vnde reus;
Sicque grauant alios duro sub pondere pressos,
Inque suis humeris quam leue fertur onus.
Vxor adulterio deprensa remittitur, in quo
220 Exemplum venie Cristus habere docet;
Tale tamen crimen non aurea bursa redemit,
Set contrita magis mens medicamen habet.
Non tamen est lacrima modo que delere valebit
Crimen, si bursa nesciat inde forum:
Bursa valet culpam, valet expurgareque penam,
Bursa valet quantum curia nostra valet.

Hic loquitur de l e g i b u s eorum

positiuis, que quamuis ad cultum
anime necessarie non sunt,
infinitas tamen constituciones
quasi cotidie ad eorum lucrum
n o b i s g r a u i t e r i m p o n u n t.362

Capm. iiii. Num dat pre manibus sceleris veniam michi

Cristus?
Non puto, set facto post miseretur eo:
Aut quod peccatum non est, numquid
prohibendum363
230 Hoc Cristus statuit? talia nulla facit.
 Nunc set, que Moysi neque lex prohibet neque
Cristi,
Plurima decretis dant prohibenda nouis;
Set michi que statuunt hodie peccata, remittunt
Cras, sibi si dedero: de quibus ergo peto.
Aut est quod proprie res peccatum gerit in se,
Aut nisi sit vetita, non foret ipsa mala.
Est si peccatum, tunc cur, quam sit prius actum,
Prestat idem nummis posse licere meis?
Est si res licita, tunc cur sua lex positiua
240 Hanc fore dampnandam striccius artat eam?
Hoc de iusticia puto non venit, immo voluntas
Taliter vt fiat lucra petendo iubet:
Exequitur iuste rem iustam, qui bene causas
Non zelo nummi iudicat, immo dei.
Legibus ecclesie quicquid sit in orbe ligatum
Ex iusta causa, credo ligare decet:
Set nichil iniustum deus accipit, vnde nec alter
Affirmare potest quod deus ipse negat.
Alcius ecce Simon temptat renouare volatum,
250 Ne cadat ipse nouo plura timere potest.
Non laqueare venit iter humanum pius ille
Cristus, set planam dirigit ipse viam;
Nos tamen ex plano componimus aspera, durum
Ex molli, que scelus pro pietate damus.
Lex etenim Cristi fuit hec quam gracia mulcet,
Nostra set ex penis lex positiua riget.
Lex Cristi simplex sub paucis condita verbis
Clauditur, vnde iugum suaue ministrat onus:364
Infinita tamen legis sentencia nostre
260 Aggravat, et finem vix habet ipsa suum.
Libera lex Cristi satis est, fit legeque nostra
Absque lucro gratis gracia nulla viris.
Omne fit ex causa; sic est quod lex positiua,
Quam fundat clerus, grande figurat opus.
In quanto volucres petit auceps carpere plures,
Vult tanto laqueos amplificare suos:
 In quanto leges auget clerus positiuas,
Fit magis hiis stricta gentis in orbe via:
Cum magis in stricto gradimur, cicius pede lapso
270 Sternimur, et clero subpeditamur eo:
Cum sibi plus mundum teneat clerusque
subactum,
Tum magis ecclesia gestat in orbe l u c r a:
Dum magis est clerus diues, magis inde
superbus365
Astat, et ex velle dat sua iura fore.
Sol notat ecclesiam, Sinagogam luna figurat,
Set modo custodes ista nec illa ferunt:
Sunt qui nec legis veteris precepta reseruant,
Nec que Cristus eis addidit ipse noua.
Nuper erat firmus presul sine crimine sanctus,
280 Vtilis in populo, dignior ante deum;
Set modo si mundum poterit complectere vanum,
Est sibi nil populi laus vel ab ore dei.

Hic loquitur de prelatis qui bona mundi

temporalia possidentes spiritualia omittunt.

Capm. v. Hec vox angelica, que nuper in ethere Romam

Terruit, en nostro iam patet orbe nouo.
Tempore Siluestri, dum Constantinus eidem
Contulit ecclesie terrea dona sue,
‘Virus in ecclesia seritur nunc,’ angelus inquit,
‘Terrea dum mundi fit domus ipsa dei.’
Sic fuit vt dixit, postquam possessio creuit
290 In proprium cleri, virus adhesit ei:
Sic reditus iam quisque suos amat, et sibi quid sit
Vtile sollicitis computat ipse viis.
Ecclesie iura sibi nil sunt, dummodo castra
Curant cum t e r r i s amplificare suis.
Esuriunt mundum semper, set in ordine solum
Nomen ab ecclesiis sufficit illud eis.
 Ordinis angelici fertur quod sunt dominati
Atque potestates, sic et in orbe vides;
Nam quia clerus ibi nequit ipsis assimilari,
300 Ferre gerarchiam dat sibi terra suam:366
Sic quia prelatus dubitat quid carpere celis,
Huius vult mundi certus honore frui.
Dixit Pilato Cristus, quod in hoc sibi mundo
Non fuerat regnum: iam neque presul eum
Consequitur, set ei contraria sumere cuncti
Regna volunt, et in hiis bella mouere viris.
Pro fidei causis nolunt dare bella paganis,
Solum nec verba pandere lege sacra;
Set pro terrenis si contradixerit ipsis
310 Saltem Cristicola, dant ibi bella fera.
Sic quia mundana sine Cristo iam capit arma
Clerus in ecclesia, iure carebit ea.
‘Cognoscetis eos,’ Cristus, ‘de fructibus horum,’
Dicit, et est illa regula vera satis.
Quomodocumque suam clerus legem positiuam
Laruat, erit testis cultus ad acta foris.
Egros vmbra Petri sanauit, lux neque nostra
Nec vox nec votum ferre meretur opem.
Subdita decurrit pedibus super equora siccis
320 Petrus, iam nostram mergit et vnda fidem.
Qui nos prosequitur, Cristi de lege iubemur
Illum per nostras rectificare preces;
Nos tamen absque deo de iure nouo positiuo
Vindictam gladii ferre monemus ibi.
Sic hos destruimus quos edificare tenemur,
Perdimus et Cristi quod tulit ipse lucri.
‘Sit michi vindicta,’ deus inquit, set quia papa
Est deus in terris, vindicat ipse prius.

Hic loquitur qualiter Cristus pacem suis

discipulis dedit et reliquit: dicit tamen367 quod
modo propter bona terrena guerras saltem