Internal

ODA030002 Dynamic
Routing Protocol and RIP
Routing Protocol
ISSUE 1.2 www.huawei.com

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 With the increase of the
network scale, dynamic
routing protocol becomes
more and more important .

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 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Describe the principle of the dynamic routing
protocol.
 Understand the distance-vector routing protocol
working principle
 Understand the RIP routing protocol.

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 Chapter 1 Dynamic routing protocol
Overview

Chapter 2 Distance-vector routing pr

otocols overview

Chapter 3 RIP Protocol

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 Position Of The Dynamic Routing Protocols In The
Protocol Stack

 All dynamic routing protocols are at the application layer

in the TCP/IP protocol stack. However, different routing
protocols use different lower-layer protocols.

BGP RIP OSPF

TCP UDP
IP Raw IP
Link layer
Physical layer

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 Basic Principles Of The Routing Protocol (I)
What is the purpose of using the dynamic routing protocols?

Route calculation. The dynamic routing protocols calculate the route

from a router to other network segments in a network.

How does the router do this?

1. All routers send their known route-related information to the

neighboring router, so that each router will receive all routing
information in the network .

2. Based on an algorithm, the final route is calculated out (in fact, the
next hop and metric of the route are calculated out).

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 Basic Principles Of The Routing Protocol (II)

 How to implement dynamic route?

Each routing protocol has its own language (the relevant routing protocol
packet). Any two routers have the basic for mutual communication if they
implement and have started a routing protocol.

A new router should initiatively introduce itself to other router in the network
segment by sending the broadcast packet or sending the packet to the
specified neighboring router.

To discover abrupt failure of a router (the router fault or line

disconnection ), it is specified that the protocol packet between two routers
should be sent periodically.

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 AS (Autonomous System )

 AS is a set of routers that are managed by a single organization.

 Each AS has a unique ID, which is allocated by the IANA.

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 Classification
According to the working area

AS100 EGP: BGP

AS200

 IGP: RIP, OSPF , IS-IS

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 Classification

According to the Routing Algorism

Distance-vector algorithm Link-state algorithm

RIP OSPF

BGP IS-IS

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 Interoperability Between The Routing Protocols
 Each routing protocol can only advertise and learn the known route.

“The known route” refers to the route running protocol at a certain

interface, or the route discovered by the routing protocol in the routing
table

 To know other routes, the import operation is needed.

The static route and direct route are often imported. Sometimes, the
routes of other routing protocols need to be redistributed.

Redistribution refers to the case where the routing protocol searches

the routing table of the router, and then advertise the route it finds in
the routing table (e.g. static ),if any, as the known route.

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 Performance Indices
Correctness
The optimal route can be found, and there is no self-loop.
Fast convergence

When the topological network structure changes, the route can be

changed accordingly in the AS.

Low overhead
The overhead of the protocol itself (memory, cpu, network bandwidth) i
s minimum.
Security
With the relevant security mechanism, the protocol itself is not easy to
attack.
Universal application
Be universal to networks of various topological structures and scales.

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 Performance Comparison
BGP
Overall
performance

OSPF
IS-IS

RIP2
RIP1

The problem of route self- No route self-loop

loop exists problem

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 Chapter 1 Dynamic routing protocol
Overview

Chapter 2 Distance-vector routing pr

otocols overview

Chapter 3 RIP Protocol

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 Distance-Vector Algorithm
Routing Table
------
------

Routing Table A Routing Table

------ B D ------
------ ------
C

Routing Table
------
Routing information
------
Other information

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 Route Discovery Of the Distance-Vector Protocols
Routing Table
Destination Next Routing Table
network hop
R1 R2 Destinati Next
N1 R3 on hop
N2 R4 network
N3 R5 N4 R6

Routing Table
Routing Table
Destination Next
Destination Next
network hop
network hop
R1 R2
N1 R3
N1 R1
N2 R4
N2 R1
N3 R5
N3 R1
N4 R2
N4 R6

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 Topology Change Of The Distance-Vector Protocols

Router A A
Transfers the
new routing
B table
Topology change
causes the routing
table update

Update the
Update the routing table
routing table

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 Route Loop
11.1.0.0
Routing Table
Routing Table E0 11.2.0.0
B
Destination Interface Metric
Destination Interface Metric
network
network S0 S0
11.1.0.0 E0 0 A S1 11.2.0.0 S0 0

11.3.0.0 s1 0
11.2.0.0 S0 0 11.3.0.0
11.4.0.0 s1 1
11.3.0.0 S0 1 C S0 11.1.0.0 s0 1
11.4.0.0. S0 2 E0
Routing Table

11.4.0.0 Destination Interface Metric

network

11.3.0.0 s0 0

11.4.0.0 E0 0

11.2.0.0 s0 1

11.1.0.0 S0 2

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 Define a Maximum Value
11.1.0.0

Routing Table E0 B Routing Table

11.2.0.0
Destination Interface metri Destination Interface Metric
c
network S0 S0 Network
S1
11.1.0.0 E0 0 A 11.2.0.0 S0 0

11.2.0.0 S0 0 11.3.0.0 s1 0
11.3.0.0
11.3.0.0 S0 1 11.4.0.0 s1 16
C
11.4.0.0. S0 16 S0 11.1.0.0 s0 1

E0
Routing Table
11.4.0.0 Destination Interface Metric
network

11.3.0.0 s0 0
Can be regarded as unreachable if 11.4.0.0 E0 16
the metric is 16. 11.2.0.0 s0 1

11.1.0.0 s0 2

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 Solution 1: Split-horizon
Not sent to A
11.1.0.0

Routing Table E0 11.2.0.0

B Routing Table

Destination Interface Metric

Destination Interface Metric
network
network S0 S0
11.2.0.0 S0 0
11.1.0.0 E0 0 A S1
11.3.0.0 s1 0
11.2.0.0 S0 0
Not sent to B 11.3.0.0
11.4.0.0 s0 1
11.3.0.0 S0 1
S0 11.1.0.0 s0 1
11.4.0.0. S0 2
E0
C Routing Table Not sent to C
11.4.0.0 Destination Interface Metric
network

11.3.0.0 s0 0

11.4.0.0 s0 0 Not sent to A

11.2.0.0 s0 1
Not sent to B
11.1.0.0 s0 2

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 Solution 2: Route Poison Reverse and Hold-
down Time
12
11 1

11.1.0.0 10
9
2
3
8 4

B
7 5
6

E0
12
11 1
Update after the hold-
10 2
11.2.0.0
Update after the
9 3
8 4 down time expiry
7 5
6
hold-down time
S0 S0
expiry
A S1

11.3.0.0
C
S0

E0
Network 11.4.0.0 is
11.4.0.0 unreachable

 Network 11.4.0.0 is disconnected Then the hold-down time begins.

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 Solution 3: Triggered Update

Network 11.4.0.0 is
Network 11.4.0.0 is 11.1.0.0
unreachable
unreachable
B
E0 11.2.0.0

S0 S0
A S1

11.3.0.0
C
S0
E0

Network 11.4.0.0 is
11.4.0.0 unreachable

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 Solution in the Case of Multiple Paths

E B C

11.4.0.0

Routing Table
① 11.4.0.0 E0 Infinity

A
12

②
11 1

Hold-down
10 2
9 3
8 4
7 5
6

timer set

③ Send triggered update

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 Chapter 1 Dynamic routing protocol
Overview

Chapter 2 Distance-vector routing pr

otocols overview

Chapter 3 RIP Protocol

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 Overview of RIP (I)

RIP is the abbreviation of Routing Information Protocol.

RIP is a special implementation of the distance-vector routing protocol.

RIP (in two version : RIP-1 and RIP-2) is applied to small and medium-
sized networks.

RIP-2 uses the multicast (224.0.0.9) for transmission, and supports

authentication and VLSM.

RIP support split horizon, route poison reverse, and triggered updated.

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 Overview of RIP (Il)

RIP
TCP UDP

IP
PPP Ether

 The RIP is at the layer above the UDP. The routing information received by
the RIP is encapsulated in the UDP data packet.

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 Initialization of the RIP Table
Initial Routing Initial Routing Table
Table －－－－

－－－－ －－－－

－－－－
－－－－
－－－－

NET1 NET2

R1 R2

Response
Request

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 Update the RIP Routing Table Response
Response

Routing Table

Destination next hop Routing Table

network A Destinatio Next
B
n hop
N1 C
network
N2 D Update
N4 F
N3 E

Routing Table
Routing Table
Destination Next hop
Destination Next hop
B network
network A
N1 A
N1 C
N2 A
N2 D
N3 A
N3 E
N4 F
N4 B

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 Summary  Principle of dynamic route protocol

 RIP working principle

Microsoft Excel
Worksheet

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Thank You
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