Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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What is the main
difference between
a method and an
approach?
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APPROACH METHOD
Set of beliefs and principles as a basis for Specific instructional design based on
teaching a language particular theory
Flexible Fixed
Audiolingualism
Total Physical Response
Whole Language
Communicative language teaching
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The post method paradigm is an
attempt at finding an alternative to
method rather than an alternative
method.
Kumaravadivelu, 2006
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BACKGROUND
❑ Emerged after the gradual dissatisfaction with conventional
Methods.
1990s.
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The “top down” criticism
❑ In method, teachers have to accept the theory underlying the method and
apply it in the classroom.
❑ Learners are passive recipients of the method and must submit themselves
to body of exercises & activities.
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× Encouraging the learners to assume the role of
ethnographers to investigate and understand how
language as ideology served vested interests
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× Helping them in the formation of learning
communities where they develop into unified,
socially cohesive, mutually supportive groups
seeking self-awareness and self improvements;
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Role of contextual factors
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The need for curriculum development
processes
a) The careful examination, drawing on all available sources of knowledge
and informed judgement
b) Use of those methods and materials which are judge mostly to achieve
the objectives.
c) To assess if the development work has in fact achieved its objectives.
d) Feedback of all the experience gained
(Nicholls & Nicholls, 1972)
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The lack of a research basis
The belief that a precise focus on a particular form leads to learning and
automatization (that learners will learn what is taught in the order in
which is taught) no longer carries much credibility.
(Skehan, 1996)
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Similarity of classroom practices
It is very difficult for teachers to use approaches and methods in ways
that precisely reflect the underlying principles of the method.
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Beyond approaches and methods
Approaches and methods can still be used studied and selectively mastered in order to:
and development of
practice”
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MAIN FOCUS:TEACHER AUTONOMY
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THREE PEDAGOGICAL PARAMETERS
Particularity
Practicality
Possibility
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Particularity
Particularity denotes factors surrounding the teaching context such as,
people, local knowledge, physical settings, course and institution nature,
time and teaching resources.
(Kumaravadivelu, 2006)
(Probhu,1990)
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Practicality
Rupture the reified role relationship between theorizers and practitioners
by enabling and encouraging teachers to theorize from their practice and
practice what they theorize
(Kumaravadivelu, 2006)
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Possibility
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Bibliography
Kumaravadivelu, B. (2006). Understanding language teaching from method to post-method. London:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers
Prabhu, N. S. (1990). There is no best method—why? TESOL Quarterly, 24, 161–176.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/353586897 .
Richards, J. C., & Rodgers, T. S. (2001). Approaches and methods in language teaching (Cambridge language
teaching library). Cambridge University, Cambridge.
Richards, J. C., & Rodgers, T. S. (2014). Approaches and methods in language teaching. Cambridge university
press.
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Thanks!
Any questions?
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MICROTEACHING
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