 Appetite

 Poisons
 Salty, sweet, bitter, sour, tasty
 Good, Bad
1. Gustatory epithelia 2. Medulla
3. Ventral Posterior Medial Nucleus
4. Gustatory Cortex

4. 3.

Affective relayed via

hypothalamus,
amygdala and
2. insula
 VAGAL
CHORDA TYMPANI

GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
 Papillae
 ridges)
Foliate - (
 Circumvallate - (pimples)
 Fungiform - (mushroom shape)

 Each containing 1 – 100 taste buds - Average person has 2000-5000

 Each containing 50-150 taste cells

 25% people are Supertasters


Extreme sensitivity ton-propylthiouracil
 Tend not to like green vegetables and fatty foods
 Sweet
 Sucrose
 Salt
 Sodium chloride
 Sour
 Acid (H+ ions)
 Bitter
 Quinine
 Amino acid (Umami)
 Glutamate
 WHERE DO YOU THINK THEY ARE?
Taste Cells
 Activated by what?
Taste chemicals  So which Taste Receptors with which Taste

 T1R – 3 different receptors T1R – 1 , 2 and 3

 Causing Depolarisation
 Sweet receptor is…
 G-protein coupled receptors
T1R 2 and 3
T1R AND T2R  Amino acid is…
T1R 1 and 3
BUT which tastes?  T2R – 30 different receptors…nice…

 Umami, Bitter
 Bitter and
 Sweet
About 15 -20% of
all taste cells
express a T2R
 Tastant

R
effector

  s  
GTP
GDP

Effector being adenyl cyclase or

Phospholipase C – Dag Enzymes that activate 2nd Messengers
 Bitter Tastant Calcium channel TRPM5

TRPM5
T2R5

PLC B2

  s  
GTP
Gusducin GDP

PIP2
 PLC B2
PIP2
TRPM5

IP3

DAG
PKC
Neurotransmitter Release - Glutumate

1.

Potassium channel closed

TRPM5 and Phospholipase C needed for sweet, bitter and amino acid but
not acid and salty tastes
 Transgenic mice have been generated that lack TRPM5 or PLCbeta2.
• Bind to T1R type receptor
• Cause G-protein dissociation

G-protein mediates activation of adenylyl

cyclase

• Adenylyl cyclase produces cAMP

• cAMP activates Protein Kinase A

• Protein Kinase A phosphorylates

potassium channels and inhibits them

• Depolarisation of membrane

• Opening of voltage-gated calcium

channels triggers neurotransmitter
release and activation of gustatory
neurones
Sour
Protons (hydrogen
ions):
• inactivate K+
channels to cause
depolarisation
•triggers opening of
voltage-gated calcium
channels
Adiponectin ↓ TNF-α ↑
Resistin ↑ IL-6 ↑
C-reactive protein ↑
  Although nothing has been definitively proven, PCOS does create an internal
environment which poses risks:

Breast cancer risk factors: Endometrial cancer risk factors:

 Hyperglycemia & dyslipidemia  Anovulation

Estrogen metabolism & metabolite  Hyperandrogenemia

imbalance
 Estrogen disbalance
Esra Tasali, David A. Ehrmann. (2008) Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Obstructive
Sleep Apnea. NIHPA Author Manuscripts: 3(1): 37–46.
Clayton, W. J., Lipton, M., Elford, J., Rustin, M., and Sherr, L. (2004) A randomised
controlled trial of laser treatment among hirsute women with PCOS British Journal of
Dermatology, 152:986-992
Kousta, E., Tolis, G., and Franks, F. Polycystic ovary syndrome. (2005) Revised
diagnostic criteria and long-term health consequences HORMONES 4(3):133-14
Zhao, J. Z., Lin, J. J., Yang, H. Y., Zhang, W., Huang, X. F., Huang, Y, P. (2010)
Effects of Oral Contraceptives and Metformin on the Outcome of In Vitro Maturation in
Infertile Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Journal of Women's Health, 19(2):
261-265

 http://www.2womenshealth.com/Hirsutism.htm
 http://theferiajournalofmedicine.blogspot.com/
 http://hormones.gr/preview.php?c_id=523
 http://www.ovarian-cysts-pcos.com/news18.html
 http://yourtotalhealth.ivillage.com/pcos-increased-risk-cancer.html
 http://pcos.insulitelabs.com/PCOS